Social Capital Literature Review free essay sample

The theory of social capital is one of the most rapidly developing social science research fields in the last 20 years. In the dictionary of classical economics, capital, mainly physical capital, is considered to be a production concept of land, labor and entrepreneurial factors side by side. In the 1980s, since the American sociologist James Coleman first introduced the word â€Å" Social Capital†, it had been widely applied gradually and is now considered as a ground contribution. The existing literature has evolved in-depth study in this theory in terms of basic concepts, measurement methods, and social economic performance of different angles. Although, there are still differences in understanding the theory, it has been widely accepted that the concept of social capital contains the core of network resources, mutual trust and cooperation behaviors. Speaking of empirical studies, most of the literature support the hypotheses theory that social capital has a positive effect on social economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Capital Literature Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meanwhile, there are many studies have some criticism on existing empirical methods and conclusions. This paper will research the relevant results and historical literature review and make a summative comment. 1. Social Capital: Concepts, Characteristics and Classification The concept of social capital can be traced to the time when Hanifan first formally proposed, thereafter, the concept began to be popular when the famous sociologist J.Coleman published â€Å" Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital † in 1988.(Woolcock, 2000). Having been through continuous development and expansion in various disciplines, social capital becomes the most powerful social science and popular areas of research. (DurlaufFafchamps, 2003). However, it is precisely because of the  interdisciplinary characteristics of this concept that scholars in the different field have not reached a consensus on its connotation and extension. In order to clearly sort out the concept of social capital, I will review the connotations conferred by different scholars. Here are some of the most influential definitions. Author According to these definitions, it is not hard to see that different scholars define the concept of social capital in various aspects like network organization, values and mutual trust, etc. However, some scholars believe that emphasizing only good results of social capital is not appropriate, and they have made more neutral definition. For example, Irene van Staveren defines social capital as a reflection of social relations in a shared commitment to social values. This commitment may increase or limit social dynamic efficiency. From the classification point of view, there are mainly two kinds of methods that are recently popular. The first method talks about the perspective of macro and micro. Macro level is primarily covering the social organization and system architecture aspects, such as laws and regulations, decentralization level, the political system and democratic participation in the policymaking process. (KrishnaShrader, 1999) Next to that, micro level mainly refers to org anizations and social network which contribute to the development, and it also includes values and code of conduct embedded in these networks. The second point of view divides social capital into cognitive social capital and structural social capital. The former includes subjective and intangible factors, such as commonly accepted attitude, trust and solidarity while the latter mainly refers to the objective and specific organizations and networks, including spontaneous community organization, institutions and various clubs. Further, Woolcock and Narayan classify social capital in another way. They divide it into bonding social capital, bridging social capital and linking social capital.  They use bonding social capital to describe a more close relationship between people, like the relationship between family members and the same race. Meanwhile. Bridging social capital means the relationship between people of different social status and in different racial and ethnic groups. Linking social capital refers to social relations between organizations and power hierarchy. (WoolcockNarayan, 2000) 2.The measurement of social cap ital Since there are huge differences between various definitions of social capital, it is hard to carry out a convincing social capital. However, from the current study of the overall point of view, there are two main ways. The first one is to measure the number of members in a given an association or a community in order to see its level of social capital. The second method is the direct investigation of the level of trust and participation in decision-making process within a given society or community. The level of social trust in different countries

Essay Sample On Boys And Girls

Essay Sample On Boys And GirlsIf you are the writer of a research paper that you would like to submit, an essay sample on boys and girls may be useful for you. The students reading your research paper would likely see you as having personal experience with one or more subjects. This will be important in your appeal to readers, particularly if you are not familiar with the subject you are writing about. It is also a way to illustrate the points that you are trying to make in your article.A study on boys and girls should be given more attention than just what girls and boys do. The essay can highlight the differences in behavior between boys and girls. It may also explain why boys are different from girls. Other times, the essay can point out common characteristics among males and females.A list of particular characteristics will be very helpful in making this topic sound interesting. In an essay sample on boys and girls, it is helpful to be able to point out things that they have in c ommon. Often, people who are writing about boys and girls would include traits such as sports, safety, independence, and responsibility. An essay sample on boys and girls should include their interests and hobbies.A list of gender-related experiences can make this an interesting topic for an essay sample. How do the interests and activities of males and females differ? What are the differences in career choices? Are the major differences in interests, skills, and talents related to socialization? Are the physical characteristics and personality traits of males and females similar or dissimilar?Common characteristics might include eating habits, clothing, games, and the likes and dislikes of certain things. Other areas for research may be grooming and clothing. Age may also be considered. Boys and girls are not always seen as the same age, which is one reason that an essay sample on boys and girls can be helpful.Sometimes, people will also compare each of the two genders, and how the y are different and similar. This may be another reason that an essay sample on boys and girls is useful. This makes the essay idea more interesting and informative.Writing about subjects of interest can be a great way to write an interesting topic. This could include topics on life, history, religion, and nature. There are many different subjects that can be included in an essay sample on boys and girls. The choice of topic is up to the writer, but it is definitely an interesting topic.

Using Vivre in French Expressions

Using Vivre in French Expressions The French verb vivre literally means to live and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to be at peace, move with the times, live to a ripe old age, and more with this list of expressions with vivre. Possible Meanings of vivre to liveto be alive(in the passà © composà ©) to be over, to have had its day, to be a thing of the past Expressions with vivre vivre au jour le jourto live from hand to mouthvivre aux crochets de quelquun (informal)to live/sponge off someonevivre avec quelquunto live with someonevivre avec son à ©poqueto move with the timesvivre avec son tempsto move with the timesvivre biento live wellvivre centenaireto live to be 100vivre comme mari et femmeto live as husband and wifevivre damour et deau fraà ®cheto live on love alone, to live a carefree lifevivre dangereusementto live dangerouslyvivre dans la crainteto live in fearvivre dans les livresto live in booksvivre dans le passà ©to live in the pastvivre deto live on, make a living fromvivre de lair du tempsto live on airvivre des temps troublà ©sto live in troubled timesvivre en paix (avec soi-mà ªme)to be at peace (with oneself)vivre largementto live wellvivre le prà ©sentto live for the presentvivre linstantto live for the momentvivre mal quelque chose  to have a hard time of somethingvivre que pour quelque choseto live for somethingvivre sa foito live out ones faithvivre sa vieto live ones own lifevivre son artto live out ones artvivre sur sa rà ©putationto get by on the strength of ones reputationvivre une pà ©riode de criseto be going through a period of crisisvivre vieuxto live to a ripe old ageavoir (juste) de quoi vivreto have (just) enough to live onà ªtre facile/difficile vivreto be easy/difficult to live withfaire vivre quelquunto support somone, keep someone goingsavoir vivreto know how to live (have a good life) or to know how to behave  se laisser vivreto live for the day, to take life as it comestravailler pour vivreto work for a livingÇa lui apprendra vivreThatll straighten him out. Lhomme ne vit pas seulement de pain.Man shall not live by bread alone.Il fait bon vivre.Its good to be alive.Il faut bien vivre  !You have to live!Il me fait vivreIt pays the bills, Its a livingIl vit un beau roman damourHis life is a love story come trueJe vais lui apprendre vivreIll teach him a thing or twoLaissez-les vivre  !Let them be!On ne voyait à ¢me qui viveThere wasnt a living soul to be seen.Qui vivra verra.What will be will be.La vie ne vaut pas la peine dà ªtre và ©cue.Life isnt worth living.Vive... !Long live ...! Hurrah for ...!Vive la France !Long live France!lart de vivreway of lifela joie de vivrejoy of lifele savoir-vivremannersle vivre et le couvertbed and boardle vivre et le logementroom and boardles vivressupplies, provisionscouper les vivres quelquunto cut off someones means of subsistenceà ªtre sur le qui-viveto be on the alertla vielifeCest la vie  !Thats life!vivant (adj)living, alive, livelyde son vivantin his/her lifetimela vive-eauspring tidev ivement (adv)brusquely, sharplyVivre conjugations

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30

7 Things You Should Do in Your 20s to Become a Millionaire by 30 We all wish we could be rich. But if you’re young and smart and driven enough, you could be! In some cases, it is possible. Particularly if you’re able to make tough choices and choose to save where others choose to spend. Regardless,  one of the most important things you should be doing is managing your money responsibly. If done so correctly, you may very well become a millionaire by 30. That being said, here are 7 steps towards making your millionaire dreams come true. Start following them now before you hit the big Three-Oh.1. Write your planNo amount of desire is going to put the wealth in your account. You’ll need to actually come up with a feasible plan and put it on actual paper. Calculate exactly what you’d need to earn- and invest- to reach your goal. Then plan the options on how you’ll do it, whether that means focusing on a Roth IRA or a 401k, etc.2. SAVEYou can’t get there without this step. Period. Start saving immediately- fi rst an emergency fund, and then a high interest yielding account for everything you accumulate on top of that. Make a point of putting away half of every raise or tax refund, for example. And then don’t touch it unless an emergency occurs.3. Live cheaplyYou don’t need to be in poverty to live beneath your means. Just say no to high profile purchases that will crack open your budget- like expensive cars, extravagant houses, even expensive designer clothing and accessories. Live modestly, save decadently.4. Ease off on the credit cardsDon’t accumulate too many credit cards- one or two will do. And don’t put anything on your cards that you can’t pay off within three months. And if you can’t eat it- or wear it- don’t charge it. Keep your cash flow for investments.5. Put your money to workBuild a diverse portfolio with a mutual fund company that offers no-load funds and low expense ratios. You could be earning 8-10% interest on your money! 6. Start a businessA sizeable majority of millionaires are self-employed. Channel your entrepreneurial spirit and come up with a business plan to create wealth- and not just for yourself.7. Ask for helpFind yourself a good financial planner and make sure your investments are sound and working for you, not against you. If you build a good working relationship with someone you trust, you can really help your money grow.Remember, work smart not hard. It takes money to make money. But it’s never too late to start putting yours to work for you.

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of Essay

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of New Technology - Essay Example Is this was Druin proposes three main roles for children in the design process. Specifically these involve: user, tester, informant, and design partner. In this way children are tasked with becoming directly involved in the design process through engaging with the games and providing feedback. At later stages in the development they are tasked with actually giving advice to the designers about how the technology or game could be changed. The research then gives expansive consideration to the specific processes within these stages. A considerable amount of past research is advanced that considers how child-design interactions have been advanced in the past. Eventually the researchers advance the notion of cooperative inquiry. This aspect of the collaborative framework articulates how the child can best be utilized to gain insights on the design process. During the article’s conclusion the researchers establish a graph that articulates the historical evolution of human-computer interaction (HCI). This demonstrates that children have increasingly been given the opportunity to provide their insight into the design process. There are a number of considerations related to this article. One of the most prominent considerations is that the divisions the author establishes -- user, tester, informant, design partner – are highly simplistic in nature. In this way they constitute less an innovative framework and more a way of articulating common sense ways of engaging with children. While the author advances a number of research on the subject, in many instances this past research does not form a functional gestalt. Instead, it merely offers disparate ways that children have been used in the design process. Still, the researcher’s perspective on cooperative inquiry is effective in that it provides a structured process that can be used for a large variety of applications. In this way the researchers argue that the child and adult collaboration

Economical crisis facing the banking Industry Essay

Economical crisis facing the banking Industry - Essay Example However, some revenue comes from banking charges among other sources. The banking sector has developed due to some favorable factors like increase in population, hence customers, Good interest rates as stipulated by the central bank, improved security, advanced banking technologies and increase in banking professionals among other factors (Morr 2009). However, the same sector is compromised by some economic factors like the global financial crisis, increased unemployment rates and unstable interest rates among other factors. This work focuses on some of the economic crisis facing the banking industry. Different types of banking have different economical challenges. This work will consider both the retail and the mobile banking systems. The financial crisis is one of the major limitations facing the banking industry. It is defined as a situation where a certain banking institution in not in a capacity to run its operations due to lack of sufficient funds. Financial crises come in diff erent forms, for instance, currency crises, where there is insufficient currency in a certain nation (Angelides 2011). Here the banking institutions are forced to operate in different currencies which might be expensive in the long run. Bank crisis on the other hand applies if a certain bank has insufficient funds to lend its customers and pay its employees among other statutory obligations. Then there is the twin crisis which is a combination of currency and bank crises. Currency crises may result from unfavorable internal or external factors. A calamity or disaster like war and earthquake is likely to limit internal business operations which may lead to fall of economy in that nation. The country will have to pay more for its imports and this could lead to reduced currency. Cutting ties with super power nations like U.S may also compromise the strength of a certain currency. Bank crises on the other hand, are subject of both micro and macroeconomic elements. A bank is likely to la ck sufficient funds to perform its obligations due to bankruptcy, business merges; this is a scenario where a bank loses its business control on forming partnership with another business entity, or nationalizing the entire banking sector or a section. Global financial crisis left some huge France and U.S banks with suspended bonds due to incapability to do the valuations due to the frozen market. The banking default levels increased and this hiked the interest rates by an estimate of 5%. Global financial crisis (2007) limited the operations of the banking sector. The U.S legislators through President George W. Bush authorized financial institutions to provide some unsecured loans to the U.S citizens who wished to construct their own residential facilities. The problem arose when the citizens or real estate sectors failed to repay the loans (loan defaulters). The crisis affected the banking sector on a global scale. Although the government directed some state funds to settle the loan s, the financial facilities adopted some strategies to recover such loans. The central bank hiked interest rates for more revenues (Proctor 2000). This had some negative implications with the banking customers. Several agencies and businesses stopped operations waiting the interest rates to fall. Some opted to seek financial assistances from a micro - finance industry whose interest rates were not greatly affected. The crisis made some financial institutions close their operations for the lack of adequate finances. The banks had insufficient funds to loan its customers and even pay the employees. President Bush ordered for a committee comprising chief economists and financial managers to suggest for

Orion Nebula :: Essays Papers

Orion Nebula The Orion Nebula contains one of the brightest star clusters in the night sky. With a magnitude of 4, this nebula is easily visible from the Northern Hemisphere during the winter months. It is surprising, therefore, that this region was not documented until 1610 by a French lawyer named Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc. On March 4, 1769, Charles Messier inducted the Orion Nebula, M42, into his list of stellar objects. Then, in 1771, Messier released his list of objects for its first publication in Memoires de l’Academie.1 The Orion Nebula is one of the closest stellar regions to the Earth. Using parallax measurements, it has been estimated that this nebula is only 1,500 light years away. In addition, the Orion Nebula is a relatively young star cluster, with an approximate age of less than one million years. It has even been speculated that some of the younger stars within the cluster are only 300,000 years old. The Orion Nebula is an emission nebula because of the O-type and B-type stars contained within it. These high-temperature stars emit ultraviolet (UV) light that ionizes the surrounding hydrogen atoms into protons (H+) and electrons (e-). When the protons and electrons recombine, the electrons enter a higher energy level (n=3). Then, when the electron drops from the n=3 level to the n=2 level, an Hï  ¡Ã¯â‚¬  photon is emitted. 2 This photon has a wavelength of 6563 Ã…, and therefore corresponds to the red portion of the visible spectrum. It is these Hï  ¡ photons which give the nebula the distinctive red color which we see. The extreme brightness of the O-type and B-type stars, coupled with the Earth’s atmosphere, has always made high-resolution imaging of the star-forming region difficult. But recent advances in adaptive optics and the repair of the Hubble Space Telescope have allowed for incredible detail into the center of the dust cloud. 3 The technological advances have also helped reveal several faint stars within the center of the nebula. The Orion Nebula is a spectacular sight. Consequently, it has been a preferred target of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) over recent years. The HST has provided a great deal of insight into the complicated process of star formation. In June of 1994, C.