Life Principles

Certain past experiences have shaped and melded principles that I live by daily. Values such as time, family and health became a priority through difficult moments. Events when I had health problems taught me to appreciate time and prioritise my well-being and moments when I was deprived of closed ones made value them more than ever before. First of all, one of my main moments in life was when I was misdiagnosed with cancer. It all started when I was still in school, my maturity exams where getting close and every day I was followed by constant headaches. Few month were spent going from one doctor to another. Finally I got results of MRI of my brain which said I have cancer tissue. I remember as it was yesterday, going out of the hospital, standing and hugging my mother and crying. I never felt that scared in my life. Then, after more visits I received another diagnosis, thankfully a brighter one. Those few month have thought that time should not be wasted as there might not be as much of it as you wish. Secondly, fast-forward to a couple years later. I had the opportunity to do an internship in Milan at one starred Michelin restaurant. I believed it was going to be the next step in my career as a pastry chef. Then those three months that I spent in Italy were one of the most intense and toughest month. As I worked fourteen hours a day, six days per week, homesickness was in full mode. It was not easy, but it helped me understood how much I miss and value my family and close friends. Finally, one year has gone by since I was in Milan and I was facing health issues once again. I completely transformed into a workaholic and drove myself into a hospital bed. I would be lying in the hospital bed, l still would stress about my job. With the help of my family and close friends I understood that if I want to live a happy life, I should prioritise my mental and physical health. All in all, my past experiences helped to figure out how much I value my time, family and health. These values have become my guidelines, not only in times of struggle, but in everyday situations. Having strong values in life can help make better decisions and lead a stable life.

Environmental Factors Checkpoint

Checkpoint: Environmental Factors Summarize the four external environmental factors and six internal environmental factors that help organizations achieve optimal function. Include in your response the factors that you feel are most important to the success of a human service organization. The four environmental factors that help organizations achieve optimal function are as follows. * Economic Factors * Sociological Factors * Technological Factors * Political and Professional FactorsEconomic factors play a key role in how a successful organization functions because when the economy is in a recession and funding cuts are inevitable human services are usually first to be cut in the budget. Funding sources, non-cash revenues, clients or consumers, suppliers and competition are all economic factors that affect the optimal function of an organization. Political factors affect the optimal achievement of an organization because the attitudes of community leaders and citizens can affect the type of services provided.Community value systems are more likely to support services provided to abused and neglected children or women who have suffered from domestic violence, however they are less likely to support social service programs for recovering alcoholics or the homeless. A good manager needs to take into consideration the interaction between an agency and the community. Professional Considerations play a key role in the optimal success of an organization because accreditation is needed to ensure the agency meets a set of standards. Fundraising for agencies has been found to be more successful if the agency can advertise their accreditation status.Technological Factors are important for human service agencies which regards the use of equipment such as computers and software as well as the development of new treatment approaches. The responsibilities that are being imposed on agencies today require data processing capability. The six Internal Factors that help organizat ions achieve optimal function are as follows. * Organizational purpose mission and philosophy * Organizational Planning * Financial Resources * Organizational Operations * Technological Resources * Human ResourcesSuccessful organizations are those where managers are able to integrate organizational variables and human variables that are consistent and responsive to organizational mission and goals. Miles (1975) Organizational planning and program structure help an agency to deliver services and programs with effective organizational operations. Human resources, technological resources, and financial resources are essential components of an effective and successful human service organization which I feel are most important to the organizations optimal achievement. Kelly Lindquist

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a directly elected Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a directly elected president of the Commision for the European Union - Essay Example These six states included Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. During the Second World War, Europe lost many lives and it was economically affected to a great extent. The atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Holocaust adversely affected Europe greatly. This aroused a calling for a United States of Europe from leaders such as Winston Churchill. Coal and steel were the raw materials in making weapons of war and these two industries were integrated. This led to the signing of the coal and steel treaties. However, based on the Coal and Steel Treaty success, the six nations have continued to expand their cooperation to other states responding to different emerging challenges in the world. Previously, many European states had been unified through force by empires such as, Roman Empire, Frankish Empire, Ottoman Empire and many others, the European Union confederation emphasized on democracy (Tallberg 2005). The devastating effects of war triggered many leaders to be on the fore front to advocate for a more unified Europe and their determination to curb violent conflicts among European countries in future. On 1st November, 1993, the Maastricht Treaty is signed which created the European Union. This means that European Union is as a result of evolution from one level of cooperation within the member states in the union to the othe r. The gradual integration since the end of World War II has made the member states gain confidence in each other to an extent of even creating a single currency union that allows for free trade amongst them. Governance in the European is complex and integrated. It is divided into seven institutions including; European Parliament, Council, Commission, Central Bank, Court of Auditors, Council of the EU and the Court of Justice of the EU. Each of the above institution is mandated to undertake certain duties and responsibilities. The paper seeks to explain the advantages and

Business plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business plan - Assignment Example SolarWorld is a small scale business operating in the renewable energy industry, and the company was founded in 1999. The company is committed to the production and distribution of photovoltaic products across the major cities of the United States. The company raises most of its revenues from the sale of solar panels. The modern world is extremely aware of the threatening environmental issues like global warming and climate change, in which combustion of fossil fuels is a major contributory factor. In addition, fast depletion of non-renewable energy sources poses serious threats to the industrial world and personal lives because continuation of this trend would end up in severe energy crisis. In this context, renewable and potential energy sources like solar energy have greater scope, because they can serve the human/market needs without hurting the environmental sustainability (EPA). The products and services offered by the SolarWorld can really assist the modern world to meet its g rowing energy needs in an eco-friendly way. Currently, the SolarWorld serves the energy needs of many of the country’s local government organizations and other reputed industrial sectors like auto manufacturing. The company maintains a potential workforce which is capable of delivering uninterrupted and quality services to its clients on a regular basis. The efficient supply chain operations of the company can have the ability to create value for its customers. Evaluating in a global scenario, the US renewable energy industry has been performing well over the years. The country’s renewable energy represented 12.9 percent of the domestically generated electricity and 11.2 percent of the total power generation in 2013 (EIA). The solar industry in US employed over 143,000 people as of 2014. The firm’s target market is comprised of local government organizations, small scale industries, and households. These customer groups are really in need of energy to meet their

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example The Barack Obama â€Å"Hope† poster is trying to sell him as the best president for America. The words used in the poster portray him as a candidate in whom America can find solace and base hopes. However, there is more to the poster than just what meets the eye. In the year 2008, America was facing one of its worst moment. The poster portrayed Obama as what America needed to get back to its feet. He was the hope and source of optimism for a better America. The variety of solid colors used in the poster represented all the races in America. It sold him as being a president who represented all the races equally. Thus, the advert does not focus on the candidate; rather, it targets the feelings of the electorate about optimism and views of multiracialism. ‘’We can do it† poster was trying to sell the idea to women that they could also join the Second World War. However, the poster is acting as a platform to promote feminism. It has a message that communicates to women to arise and shine. They are encouraged to take up the challenging tasks through the message displayed and the use of an image of a woman. Old Spice advertisement is trying to sell the body wash. However, it is interesting because it sends the message that everything is possible when a man uses Old Spice. The man is portrayed to have a good body and wealthy. Every woman desires this type of a person and, therefore, most will buy the product for their men. This form of communication can lead to some ethical issues. They include sexism and feminism, for example, the Old Spice advertisement. It has objectified men and most would struggle to look like the man in it to make them attractive. If it were a female half-naked, it would have lead to a lot of reaction from the public therefore promoting

Qatar Olympic Committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qatar Olympic Committee - Essay Example QOC provides opportunities for members of the community to participate in sport and sport-related activities within and outside Qatar. QOC was funded on 14 March 1979. In 1980, QOC joined the International Olympic Committee, and in 1981, joined the Olympic Council of Asia. In 1982, QOC joined the Arab Sports Games Federation. Since its inception, QOC has been led by five presidents, the current being H.H. Sheikh Tamin Bin Hamad Al-Thani since December 2000 (Olympic.qa, 2014). The General Assembly is the supreme governing body of the QOC. The company has its headquarters in West Bay Doha, Qatar. Currently, QOC is organizing the hosting of the World Boxing Championships in 2015, Handball World Cup for men in 2015, Real World Cycling Championships in 2016, Qatar World Cycling Championships in 2016 and the FIFA World Cup in 2022 (Olympic.qa, 2014). QOC has sixteen departments, which include: Secretary General, legal affairs office, secretary general’s office, assistant secretary general, finance, Sports Affairs, Operation & Maintenance, Engineering Projects, Procurement & Stores, Planning & Development, Human Resources, and Public relations & Marketing among others (Olympic.qa, 2014). Currently, QOC employs close to five thousand employees, and it is considered one of the largest government agencies in Qatar and the entire region. QOC’s vision is â€Å"to become a leading nation in bringing the world together through sustainable sport development† (Olympic.qa, 2014). The company’s mission is to place sport and physical recreation activity all over Qatar so as to enhance the harmonious development of men and women in the true Olympic spirit (Olympic.qa, 2014). In order to accomplish the mission and vision statements, QOC has developed a list of objectives and activities. First, it aims to spread the principles of Olympics throughout the country based on the framework of sport activities. Secondly, QOC helps in the training of sport administrators through

Online Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Relationships - Essay Example In fact, virtual teams have become so important that many companies cannot do well without them because of the fact that some of the most brilliant ideas tend to come from such teams. The heavy reliance of these companies on the virtual teams has come to make them indispensable and because of this, they have come to attract dynamic groups of individuals from all over the world and this has enabled the development of ideas at a grand scale since they are a merger of ideas from diverse cultures. As a result, virtual teams have become essential in the modern economic world and it is most likely that they are here to stay. Working in virtual teams can be said to be a way through which employees of some organizations or institutions are allowed to work away from a centralized workplace, using available information technologies. In such cases, these individual do not have to go to work, and instead, they send and receive whatever assignments they have online, and this ensures that they are able to work from the comfort of their own homes and at their own time. Such working arrangements involve individuals within the virtual team working at a place, which is convenient for them. This may include at home, or at a coffee shop and this trend can be said to have been growing for more than thirty years and it is increasingly becoming popular especially because of the fact that many companies have little office space to spare. Virtual teams have been taken advantage of by many companies because they not only save on office space, but they also allow these companies to get more work done by having more employees without having to create space for them to work. In addition, because of the global availability of the internet, it has become easier to employ individuals from all over the world irrespective of their nationalities or cultural backgrounds. When working within virtual teams, the home might up becoming the workplace of those individuals involved in them and to make i t more of a comfortable working environment, such an individual will always equip with the necessary accessories. Even if the individuals in the team work at the office, on the other hand, it also gives them the ability to be able to collaborate with others on the same field not only in writing but also in the development of projects that come from the different ideas from the various members of the team. Since most of the individuals who work in virtual team can work from anywhere, either in their homes or at their offices, the differences between home and work eventually become blurred, and the privacy, which the home previously provided, is lost. This means that the home is no longer seen to be a refuge from a hard day’s work, but an extension of the workplace and it is possible that such situations may be problematic for some of these individuals because it leads to an increase in work related stress. In addition, the traditional way through which people worked and intera cted at the office is lost, since the close proximity and interpersonal interactions, which could be achieved at the workplace, is lost. Virtual teams encourage the isolation of an individual from any form of social life and this may be detrimental to their mental health. In conclusion, it can be said that virtual teaming is a growing trend

Ethics in Conducting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics in Conducting - Research Paper Example The term ethics simply referred to the behaviour and moral conducts of any person. Generally, when the people talk about ethics, everyone think that, differentiation between the right and wrong is called ethics. This definition is right up to some level, but it does not include other necessary elements those are necessary to fulfil the ethical requirements. If you are going to write any of the literature review or any other research paper, then there are many ethical requirements that should be considered for quality paper. For better understanding, some of the necessary elements for conducting ethical research are mentioned below separately. Originality of the material is the main element of any research paper. For this purpose, the main ethical requirement is that, your material should be original and based upon on your own research and work. You are not allowed to use the technique of plagiarism in your research work. The term plagiarism is generally referred to the situation of taking the credit of some other’s work. For example, you want to address the audience through your research paper, but you use the information that is based on some other’s work, then this act is treated unethical by every mean. You are not allowed to use the technique of copy and paste with your work. That does not mean that you cannot refer to someone else work. You can use other’s work to gain the ideas or improving your own work. In some research papers, you are also not allowed to copy the ideas of others, but it is only in some extreme cases. As it is mentioned above that the research papers are referred to valid source of information. So â€Å"honesty† is also treated as a major element of ethical factors. For example, you are going to make a research paper on some scientific research then you must ensure that you are honest gathering all scientific information

Peoples Republic of China Essay Example for Free

Peoples Republic of China Essay Different countries have different societal structures, cultural norms and ways of forming relationships. China has strong traditions and moral values, borne out of a long history. Food In China, food is an important part of life. The official Language of China is Mandarin. In the Chinese culture there are a vast of Morals and Values that range from humility to respect and are very important in the Chinese culture. There are two main religions in the Chinese culture. Taoism, also known as Daoism, is based on the teachings of the Tao Te Ching, which was written  in China in the 6th century BC. The emphasis is on finding spiritual harmony within the individual. Buddhism is the dominant religion in China. This began in India 2, 500 years ago and follows the teachings of the Buddha, The Enlightened One. In China, Mahayana Buddhism is particularly common. In this form of Buddhism the path to liberation involves religious ritual, meditation and devotion. The social structure of China is a hierarchical and formal social structure. For example, in the family, children are expected to respect their elders with the eldest  family member commanding the greatest respect In the Chinese culture family is defined as mother, father and children. When the female child marries she then is a member of her husband’s family and is no longer considered as a member of her family that she was born into. Therefore the family then consists of Mother, father, son and daughter n laws and children. The oldest male in the family has he most status. This person is considered to be the oldest and the wisest therefore has the most status. In the Chinese culture success is determined by purpose. The definition of purpose is the  reason for which something exists. Meaning, â€Å"Why are we here? † In the Chinese culture they strongly believe in a creator. The creator defines there purpose for them. Amy stated that â€Å"Every moment of every day, I live my life according to what I believe†. Every decision is based on a set of values that guides her in determining the direction she is to go. When asked if she considered her parent to be successful. Her response was yes. She feels as though her parent’s success is measured by what their purpose was. Her mother purpose was to be a house wife and  take care of the home and her father’s purpose was to work and to provide for the family. Education in the Chinese culture is very important. It starts when the child is very young and in the home. In China, parents are the first educators of their children. Therefore, family education is the most basic and important education model of their culture. Given the importance of family education, parents put more and more effort in educating their children and helping them grow as persons. Amy stated that her parent always demanded that she get good grades in school. She had to attend extra classes to help her achiever higher grades and she was continuously involved in numerous activities ranging from art, dance or musical classes. She stated that she didn’t have much of a say in choosing her classes or clubs that she was a member of. Her parents made all of these decisions for her. Chinese parents tend to care so much about their children’s studies that they don’t ask them to help in any other daily tasks. The primary requirement for children is to study hard, do well in exams and graduate from reputable universities so that they could have careers. The reason for this on one hand is children’s own good, as in a populated and highly competitive society like the Chinese, good academic scores can probably guarantee a bright future; on the other hand, it is a traditional value orientation that parents will be respected if their children have great achievements in society. Therefore, Chinese parents are willing to self-sacrifice and give up their own time, hobbies and interests in order to provide better conditions for their children. In the Chinese culture breakfat is the most important meal. Most Chinese persons start  there day out woth a bowl of Congee, which is like a watery rice that can be seasoned just to give it more flavor, it can be sweet or salty or even spicy and, sometimes, with vegetables, meat or mushrooms if the person chooses. Another typical food that the Chinese people eat for breakfast is Crullers, they call them also the â€Å"deep-fried-devils† and they are basically twisted strips of dough that been deeply fried in oil, they are very popular in the street stands. The Crullers always are eaten with congee. In China, food is an important part of life. Sharing a meal is the common way to socialize in the same way that We may go to a bar or pub for a drink. In the Chinese culture they have a strong waste not, want not . This means they can make a meal out of just about any combination with rice or noodles. In the Chinese culture ricer and noodles are like bread to our culture. It’s a common part of every meal. I asked Amy if racism existed in China and she told me no. I asked her ‘what do you think of black people’ or ‘what do you think of Japanese people’, and the answers that she gave me were very racist responses. In my opinion her responses showed me that racism against black people may be the strongest form of racism in China. I asked her how would her family react if she had of married a black man. She stated that she would probably get disowned. She said this is because most black people are known to have very little status or money unless they are basketball players or entertainers. Now the racism against Japanese People in China is just as bad. Some children in China are taught hate songs against Japanese people in elementary school – and history books in China that deal with Japan focus almost exclusively on the terrible things  Japan did around World War II, ignoring much of Japan’s recent history. This project opened my eyes to the differences among cultures. I didn’t truly understand why some of my coworkers that were Chinese acted the way that they did. For example; Amy would never give a direct answer especially of the answer was no. This was because in her culture it was not a common thing to say no, and when one did say no it meant that the relationship was now ended. She would always say, I’m not sure or maybe. This then protected her from having to end out working relationship. She also was not very affectionate. In her  culture displays of affection were seen as disrespectful. I can remember a time when we had got some great news within out department and she was sitting next to me. I immediately reached out and hugged her because she was the main person that worked on the project with me. I felt a little weird after the embrace because I felt as though I violated her space. But after doing this research on her culture I now understand why. I started out in this class not understanding what I would truly learn from this. But after the assignment I have learned how to effectively communicate with coworkers of the Chinese culture.

Global Communications Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Global Communications Worksheet Essay Your supervisor wants to send a brief e-mail message, welcoming employees recently transferred to your department from different regions across the company, which are Brazil, Russia, India, and China. Create a clear and concise welcome message that would be appropriate for these groups of employees. Research the communication style of each of the following countries: Brazil Russia India China Transcribe the following welcome message for the employees from each country: I wanted to welcome you ASAP to our little family here in the States. It’s high time we shook hands in person and not just across the sea. I’m pleased as punch about getting to know you all, and I for one will do my level best to sell you on America. Complete the table below with your transcribed welcome messages. Also indicate whether each of the countries are more individualistic or relationship focused, and whether they are direct or indirect in their communication. Country Transcribe Welcome Message Relationship or Individualistic? Direct or Indirect? Brazil

Effects of Globalisation: Case Study of Tesco

Effects of Globalisation: Case Study of Tesco INTRODUCTION Globalisation is a progression by which local markets, humanities, and beliefs have become united through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade (Gary, 2001). The term globalisation is occasionally used to refer explicitly to economic globalisation. It is the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of skill and technology. Globalisation of markets refers to the process of incorporating and unification of the individual world markets into a sole market. Jurgen argues in his publication in 2005 that the process engages integration of some common standard, worth, perception, taste and accessibility around the world and slowly enables the cultures to shift towards the use of common merchandise or service. It has been greatly argued that globalisation is not a fresh phenomenon, but rather it has been there since colonial age. However, its recent and tactful use can be d ated to 1983, when Levitt published his article â€Å"The Globalisation of Markets†. (Kapferer, 2008). One of the features of globalisation of markets is that the size of the company needs not to be large to create a global market. Even small companies can create a worldwide market. Factors influencing the locality of manufacturing facilities vary from country to country. They may be more favourable in foreign countries rather than in home country because of cheap labour or low taxes in foreign countries, which forces the corporations to establish manufacturing facilities in other countries. It is renovating the ways in which countries interact. State economies become incorporated as the flow of merchandise and goods expands outside the borders. In theoretical simulations, less trade barriers or decrease in transport costs generates increase in trade between consumers in another country and producers in the other. In the current atmosphere, businesses are more able to section their operations internationally, outlining each stage of manufacture in the country where it can be completed at the least cost, and communicating ideas for new merchandises and new ways of manufacturing products around the world. The digital revolution that has charged up globalisation is alteringhow customersandcorporationsbehave. This revolution is cumulatingcompetition, decreasing prices, creating new simulated companies, allowing individuals to sell goods to each other deprived of a middle man. In the era of new vending, it’s more important than ever that the company shows that they are on the customer’s side and they arehere to make their lives a bit easier, a bit better. That’s the base of the faith companies want to build as they become the model for new business. In addition, when outsourcing happens between neighbouring nations, such as the Pakistan and China or Mexico and USA, the exchange of production raises the intentions for businesses to produce in areas with comparatively low-cost access to far-off markets. Thus, the location of economic activity inside countries may alter (Hanson, 2001). The diversity of global market is still dominant even after the globalisation of markets and production. These discrepancies require the businesses to formulate diverse policies for each market. The global business firms compete with each other frequently in different national markets including their home markets. This essay will further explain the effect globalisation of markets and production has on an organisation by illustrating it with a case study on TESCO. CASE STUDY TESCO is one of the world’s largest merchant after Wal-Mart. It has followed an aggressive foreign expansion strategy into US, South Korea, Eastern Europe and China. It sources its goods globally and always purchases in great volumes, which helps it to keep costs down of its products. Substantial cost-cuttings are made through handling the supply chain efficiently and effectively. The corporation has introduced a points card which collects data from customers when they use it to buy items. The data is then used to provide discounts and offer savings with the range of products on deals. This builds loyalty and develop promotions that aim for specific customers. Through the use of this technology, TESCO has been successful to create a fair amount of customers for themselves and remains a leader within the UK market. (HSC Online, 2014). The size of the business can be estimated by the figures provided by (Tesco, 2014) that it’s operating about 6,784 stores worldwide, engaging over 500,000 employees. That makes it the largest food supplier in the world. It also offers online services over its subsidiary, www.tesco.com. The largest company in UK’s market operates below four banners of Metro, Express, Superstore and Extra. The company vends about 40,000 food products, clothing and non-food lines. The company also produces own-label merchandises which are categorised in three levels, normal, value and finest. Apart from these, Tesco also provides several petrol stations, becoming one of Britains major independent gasoline retailers. One of the major retailers in the world, Tescos early experiences with globalization was not fruitful. However, later Tesco started restricting its stores and merchandises according to the worldwide markets. It entered South Korea in the year 1999 by starting a combined venture with a deep-rooted native retailer Samsung. The joint venture assisted Tesco attain in-depth understanding of the marketplace and also helped it get the finest store locations (Tesco plc. 2014). Tesco began working in the country under the well-established Home Plus banner. Tesco confined its stores according to the likings of the Korean customers and brought in several of its international best practices into the country. Globalisation of markets and production has a great role in making Tesco plc. Britain’s largest retailer, as a major multinational corporation. 65 % of its operating lie outside the UK with 12 international subsidiaries (ibid). During the progression of expansion Tesco has been able to capture and benefit from the innovation which emerged from international subsidiaries. Due to the interconnection of the markets, Tesco’s organizational structures and operating skills have been continuously transformed as it has learned to operate in and adapt to host economies. The firm has transferred knowledge from the UK around its international operations using intra firm networks of telecommunications and face-to-face best practice transmissions. Innovatory practices emerging within the international subsidiaries have also been captured via bottom up processes of organizational learning. Only thanks to internet, Today, Tesco have been able to include 13 countries in its business empire which give it access to over 3 billion people, which is about 54% of the total world’s population. Because of the advent of technology, the process is so progressive that (Tesco Plc., 2011) claims it would have been the world’s biggest online grocer if they knew it back in the early 1980. That means 13% of all card transactions in the Britain would be on a Tesco credit cards, or there would be more than six millionclub card holders just in South Korea (ibid) Tesco has been successful in using the concept of outsourcing and cashing the productivity out of it throughout the past years. The Multi-floor store design and operational services were developed in Tesco’s East Asian subsidiaries. Afterwards, being transferred into Britain in the form of â€Å"stores on Stilts† designs which first appeared in Altrincham in 2002 (Aim research, 2014). The Low-build-cost stores technique was first developed in Thailand and then was transferred to Europe and used as a benchmark to assess its Central European developments. Food hall merchandising techniques (emulating East Asian â€Å"wet markets†) being transferred to and used to enhance â€Å"retail theatre† within its Central European hypermarkets (ibid). International production has been so successful that Tesco has extended its applications management outsourcing contract, in a deal worth of  £18 million (CIO, 2007). Philip Clarke in his first speech as the CEO of Tesco Group said â€Å"We are in a new era of retailing, creating great opportunities and challenges for every retailer, and putting even more focus on consumer trust† (Tesco plc., 2011). Thus, Tesco have embraced thetechnology,built the team, and fostered talent. And In return the globalised market gave them one of the most successful businesses of our times. Clark proclaimed that by the completion of the year Tesco will double the amount of stores with non-food Click and Gather to 600 (ibid). CONCLUSION Globalisation affects all three levels of manufacture, but in diverse behaviours. Globalisation make available a market for main industries, but demand can occasionally take importance over sustainability, to the disadvantage of long-standing reasonableness. Minor businesses benefit from globalisation because businesses select zones where the market suits them, but this may lead to redundancy for trained employees who reside in countries with a greater standard of living. Globalisation, joined with technology, is a benefit for tertiary trades when corporations can sell services on the international marketplace without repositioning. They are, however, vulnerable to market variations. Anyhow, Because of the interconnected global market, companies can achieve increased revenue opportunity through global sales. They are able to reach a bigger customer base with better success chances. Through globalisation of production, they can also enjoy reduced production costs by producing in low cost countries such as Apple Inc. is producing most of its products in China. With these businesses investing in developing companies, it also increases income for these countries which creates an overall good environment for economic activities. Fascinating as it seems, the changed atmosphere causes the traditional norm of running a local businesses to become null and void. Businesses nowadays need to be on a bigger market to gain the competitive advantage above its rival businesses. Global planning might seem fancy and fruitful, but global execution is definitely not an easy task. Extremely talented team is required to sustain a business in such competitive environment. Furthermore, some countries might take global production as exploitation of their workers which can damage a company’s image. Thus, with careful planning and innovation, companies today can be much more successful than they ever was. REFERENCES HSC Online. (2014). Business studies operations: influences. Charles Sturt University. Site accessed by the URL: http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/business_studies/operations/4408/Part%202%20Influences.htm Rugman, A. M. Hodgetts, R. M. (2000). International business : A strategic management approach. Pearson education Limited: London, UK Jurgen, O. (2005). Globalization: A Short History. Princeton University Press Gary, J. Wells, Robert, S., Ray K. (2001). Globalization. New York: Novinka Books Kapferer, J. N. (2008). The new strategic brand management: Creating and sustaining brand equity long term (Fourth Ed). Kogan Page Limited: United Kingdom Hanson, G. H. (2001). The globalization of production. Article retrieved from http://www.nber.org/reporter/spring01/hanson.html Tesco Plc. (2011). Philip Clarkes keynote address to the British Retail Consortium Symposium. Retrieved from http://www.tescoplc.com/index.asp?pageid=17newsid=541 Aim research. (2014). Globalisation of innovation. Advance institute of management research: Accessed by the URL http://www.aimresearch.org/uploads/file/Presentations/Globalisation_of_Innovation.pdf CIO (May, 2007). Tesco extends outsourcing. Accessed by the URL http://www.cio.co.uk/news/networks/tesco-extends-outsourcing/?otc=103

Religious Symbols and Symbolism in Faulkners Light in August Essay

Religious Symbolism in Light in August  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Faulkner’s, "Light in August" has many references to Christianity. He employs a great deal of religious symbolism in all of his characters. These parallels seem very intentional, even though, Faulkner himself says he did not do it purposely. The Christ story is one of the most popular stories invented and it seems right that at some point someone is going to write similar to it. William Faulkner says he did not put the Christian parallels in intentionally. Many critics argue that there is no religious symbolism in this novel and that other critics are looking too deep into the novel. After reading Faulkners’ novel, it is hard not to make some connections to Christianity. The most obvious of his ties to the Catholic background and knowledge is in his writing of "Light in August". William Faulkner was born in New Albany. His family was a mixture of Presbyterians and Baptists. As an adult, he became a communicant of the Episcopal Church in Oxford, but he rarely attended services there. In response to a question on Faulkner’s Christianity, he said: "I have the sort of provincial Christian background I feel that I’m a good Christian—whether it would please anybody else’s standard I don’t know" (203). According to Amy Dooley (who is the research assistant of the Center of Faulkner Studies Southeast Missouri State University), Faulkner spoke about religion being something a Southerner absorbs as part of the culture, and he can’t stop using it. He said it doesn’t matter if he believes it or not. It appears as if Faulkner uses Christianity in his writing to aid his themes of human suffering, renewal of rebirth, human continuity, and death. The most significant example of Fau... ...that is never specified either. Christmas might have Negro blood in him so he could be black or he might be white. This gives him a character, which does not fit in with the other people; he is different. This is similar to Jesus Christ in that there was something different about him to separate him from the other people. That fact and the fact that his initials are the same as Jesus’ can lead a person to believe that William Faulkner did this intentionally. If one looks at Joe Christmas’ personality and his entire life and death, one will see that there are no parallels. If Faulkner says he did not put the parallels in intentionally, then it seems only ironic that there are some. In conclusion, Joe is a character in William Faulkner’s novel, "Light in August", and nothing more. Works Cited: Faulkner, William. Light in August. 1932. New York: Vintage, 1987.

Essay --

E. Who are some important contributors in this field? †¢ Gregor Mendel- Austrian monk who demonstrated how variations in organisms were passed to the next generation and how they occurred; in an article Experiments in Plant Hybridization, in which Mendel experimented with controlled pea plant crosses, he showed how traits are inherited in a predictable way as bits information he called factors (genes) †¢ biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan- he and his students wanted to explicate the relationship between evolution, variation, heredity, and chromosomes; he showed that genes are actual substances that can be located on chromosomes, and he laid foundation for modern genetics †¢ biologist/theoretical physicist Max Delbrà ¼ck and geneticist Nicolai Timofeeff-Ressovsky- proposed a technique for estimating the smallest possible size of a gene; though it proved to be unusable, it enforced the idea that genes are stable molecules rather than theoretical units †¢ Linus Pauling- one of the people who founded molecular biology †¢ bacteriologist Oswald Avery- proposed that DNA was accountable for heredity; this was supported by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s kitchen blender experiments †¢ biochemist Erwin Chargaff- discovered that in all DNA molecules, the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides had a one-to-one ratio-- the amount of adenine was the same as the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine is the same as the amount of cytosine †¢ James Watson, a biochemist, and Francis Crick, a biophysicist- proposed the double helix model; received pictures of crystalline DNA from crystallographer Rosalind Franklin and biophysicist Maurice Wilkins †¢ biochemist Frederick Sanger made the first thorough analysis of bovine insulin, a protein, which has molecules ma... ...iology can be used by scientists to study other things; expression cloning is used to recreate piece of DNA and put it into a cell to see the DNA in action †¢ DNA is helpful in studying evolution and taxonomic classification †¢ Studying what genes cause an egg to develop into a human being RELATE THIS FIELD TO OTHER FIELDS The field of molecular biology can be related to many fields, since it is basically a product of overlapping studies. It can be related to genetics; most molecular biologists have experience in genetics, and the one of the points of the field is finding out how genes for things such as disease are inherited. Molecular biology is also similar to biochemistry, which is chemical (such as enzymes) processes in living things. However, even though there is an overlap and similarities, molecular biology has to do more with nucleic acids/protein production.

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Channels Essay

Most manufacturers of products use marketing intermediaries to sell their products to the consumers. The marketing intermediaries make up a marketing channel (distribution channel or a trade channel). The marketing channel overcomes the time, place, and possession gaps that separate gods and services from those who need or want them. A normal way of functioning for a company is to procure raw materials, use its expertise in creating the product and then distribute to the customer. Companies have to convert this supply chain into a value network as to develop and maintain partnership with different stakeholders. Core competency for a company lies in developing a product which satisfies a particular need of the market. A company if it decides to sell a product on its own than it is diverting from main line business resulting in operational difficulties. Marketing channel is ears and eyes of companies in the market. They provide companies with valuable information of customers, competitors and other players in the market. Dell’s computer exclusively uses direct marketing (the Internet and express mail service) in reaching customers are different of marketing channel depending upon the number intermediaries like retailer, wholesaler and distributor. Channels are also used by companies providing services; for example, hospital and fire station have to strategically locate for people to reach without considerable efforts. In designing marketing channel companies analyze customer needs and preference for a given product. Further marketing channel should fall in line with overall objectives of the company in cost and desired output level. Companies then need to explore various marketing channels like direct marketing, tele-marketing, direct mail, etc. to find the right fit to reach the customer. Each channel short listed has to be evaluated on operational, cost effective and flexibility criteria. Once the channel is designed, companies look forward to selecting partners with characteristics, which have a positive impact for the product. Channel members need to get the right amount of training as to full understand their role with respect to customer and product. Companies need to develop a mechanism as to monitor functioning of marketing channels on criteria based on total customer satisfaction. After reviewing marketing channel companies should modify them to improve functioning and productivity. Companies are looking forward to innovating business functioning as to stand up to the competition and changing market scenario. This has seen rise different types of marketing channel. In a vertical marketing channel, the traditional producer-wholesaler-retailer becomes one functional unit. This can be achieved through franchise or single ownership. In horizontal marketing channel two or more un-related agencies combine to exploit the market opportunities, for example, banks in super markets. In multi-channel marketing systems, companies use different marketing channels to reach different customer base or segment. In vertical channel conflicts are between members of same channel. In horizontal channel conflicts are between similar service providers in a different channel. In multi-channel conflict arise when a different channel serves the same market. The first step in conflict resolution is to identify the cause for the conflict. Next step is to manage the conflict. This can be done by setting up clear mandate for each member and their role in the overall objective of the company. Further, joint membership, diplomacy and exchange of team members are other ways in resolving conflicts. Companies need to design and manage marketing channels in such a way that they are always able to deliver value to customer.

Bead Bar Systems Development Project

The purpose of the project is to envelope the business processes and functionalities of Bear Bar enterprise into an information system which would manage all its resources and cover up the negative aspects of the system. All the internal and external factors which make the enterprise function in a diligent manner would be taken care by the proposed system. The information system would make the enterprise to flow in a planned, organized and decisive manner.Each department would be able to capture, nurture and share effectively valuable business information so as to remain synchronized with the latest events and decisions can be framed accordingly. Order tracking, fulfillment, inventory and supply dynamics can be managed optimally. Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction and Purpose 4 Proposed system: 5 Lists of Input and Output information and sources: 6 1. Feasibility analysis: 6 2. Systems planning and requirements gathering: 7 3. Systems Analysis and Design: 8 4. Database Model: 8 5. Coding: 9 6. Implementation and Training: 107. System feedback and maintenance: 10 8. Systems Review and Maintenance schedule: 10 9. Sequence of activities: 12 Advantage to the Bead Bar: 13 Conclusion 16 Introduction and Purpose The primary objective is to organize information and operate in a planned and controlled manner to capitalize on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization. The proposed information system would departmentalize the operations of the various departments and make the organization accessible to its stakeholders in a pre-approved and designed manner.Not everyone would be allowed to access all kinds of information and all activities can be tracked so as to ascertain the state of the organization at every point of time. The involvement of EIS, MIS, DSS, TPS and knowledge work systems would ensure that different variants of stakeholders manage the system with their given privileges to drive the enterprise. Proposed system: We desi re to create a company website which can be accessed through the internet so that all the franchisee locations are able to access it and perform the business functions of recording and updating the system for all the business changes.All the franchisee locations are connected with the help of public data carriers so that it is able to access the company website to perform their functions. Each such franchisee would have their access privileges to enter the transaction section and operate their business process. The president and the owner, vice president’s of all the departments would have an Executive Information System (EIS) Management Information System (MIS) to manage their operations. The accounts department may use Transaction Processing System (TPS) and the ground level workers can use Knowledge Work System to measure worker output, productivity and others.Lists of Input and Output information and sources: Prior to outlining the input and output information, the system development life cycle must be in place so that the analysis is done accordingly. The correct nature of the inputs and the outputs would make the system design vary accordingly as it requires to capture the information and put it into a frame to interpret in a decisive manner to take further decisions. The systems development life cycle for Bead Bar is as follows: 1. Feasibility analysis:The new proposed system and the present working system are analyzed so that the ROI (Return On Investment) is obtained. The proposed system is further analyzed for economical, technical, schedule and other feasibilities so that it stands in front of all difficulties in the development of the project. The Bead bar enterprise’s key management people are involved in the process of feasibility analysis. All the inputs, outputs and external environment are studied in detail so that the underlying intricacies would be researched well for their impact and development.Inputs: Bead Bar’s input s are in the form of company’s short and long term objectives, its financial base and credibility for years to come, its general strategic plans, consent of the advisors and directors, risk handling strategies and many others. Outputs: The feasibility has outputs in the form of higher management approval for the sustenance of the systems development, its full length use to cover all business functions, risk mitigation strategies and many others. 2. Systems planning and requirements gathering:After the system is thoroughly checked for all its inputs and outputs, the requirements phase takes the lead. All the key stakeholders of the departments and the users of the system must be taken into account for gathering the crucial departmental functions, requirements and its interaction with other departments to achieve the central goal of the enterprise. Input: It must be in the form of the users of the system who are better-off to understand and figure out the exact ground level hap penings in the business.Their view of the workings of the enterprise must be captured so that appropriate implementation can be done. Output: The valuable information fetched from the users of the system must be given a representation and frame it accordingly to fix it into a system. 3. Systems Analysis and Design: Bead Bar’s system requirements are studied and the system is analyzed and designed accordingly. The flow of data is analyzed so that the system captures the entire business cycle and their functions. Inputs: It would come from the requirements gathering phase and the order of business flow.Outputs: It would result in helping the analysts and designers in the process of database handling and further development of the system. 4. Database Model: The database model for Bead Bar is as follows, which shows the interaction of the different entities of the business. Figure 1 : Database Model 5. Coding: The above design is given a representation of the business and the var ious functions are finally implemented at this stage. Inputs: It is in the form of requirements gathered from the previous stages and the design documents. Outputs: It results in actual implementation of the system so that it can be viewed physically.6. Implementation and Training: This stage correlates with actual planting of the system at the Bead Bar so that the present system is replaced and the proposed system takes its place. The users must be trained to operate the business functions with the system, store and retrieve data whenever it is demanded. 7. System feedback and maintenance: The general working of the system must be responded back so that any form of negative points would be highlighted and discussed to take advantage of the system and technologies involved. 8. Systems Review and Maintenance schedule:The review and maintenance schedule must include the following: Preventative maintenance – Maintenance schedules are a necessity for keeping the resources of a sy stem in good health. The hardware, network equipments, communication programs and software must be periodically checked whether it is up and running (Mawer, 2000). It is likely to include the following: †¢ hardware maintenance for checking the regular running equipments(electrical fans, filters, batteries, etc) †¢ periodic replacement of hardware resources to keep it according to changing atmosphere (e.g. developmental plan revisions) †¢ system software also requires timely maintenance (fixing bugs, developing newer versions, revisions, etc) †¢ reports must be seriously checked for their correlation with system requirements (creating error logs, testing strategies, performance measures, etc) †¢ Maintenance and updation of system documentation for future reference and updations. Remedial maintenance – It is performed to bring the system to running condition after correcting the hardware or software fault (Mawer, 2000).The remedial service is likely to include: †¢ Create a Help Desk concept which will log and action any reports from the customer in the event of a fault. †¢ On-site or remote login concept of issue resolution. †¢ Engaging a third party service to resolve and manage the resolution. †¢ Updating documentation every time an event has taken place. In this case both the technical and non-technical staff must be made aware of the support strategies so that their response time is optimized for better handling the issues of the customer timely and professionally.

Sop for Public Health

Being a compassionate person at heart, I was inclined towards social work since my school days. So naturally I was inclined to do some good when I was studying to be a dentist. So in the rather drab subject of Community Dentistry which most of students hated well I found some interest on Public Dental Health services, recordings for case studies, Indices and Epidemiology. There I learnt that the delivery of health services and primary care was very difficult in a vast and diverse country as India. Epidemiology and diagnosis of diseases like AIDS, tobacco cessation program, Dental lath education were interesting.I even made a project in my third year on oral manifestations of HIVE. The project was a hard copy of pictures and slides that explained the various routes of transmission of HIVE, difference between HIVE and AIDS, what are the early signs and symptoms of HIVE, and how to prevent spread of this infection, in a manner easily understandable by a layman. While many people have st arted using this and showed improvement, I constantly wonder about performing such techniques on a bigger scale – something that will make it possible.India and especially South Asia has a great population who are in influence of chewing Tobacco and Smoking. They have led to losses socially, economically, functionally, psychologically and of life in our society. During my training in dental school I came to realize that number of tobacco users are much more in my state. And they have to suffer a lot because of this habit from diseases like cancer at very early age. Already quality of health is poor and because of such habit people made it more worst.This inspired me to attend a special training workshop for tobacco cessation counseling by Tobacco Intervention Initiatives (T†). My extensive knowledge on pre-cancerous lesions proved to be extremely helpful at the time of implementation of the training at related campaigns. And I already used this knowledge during my inter nship to aware people about harmful effects of tobacco and helped them to quite their habit. It made me realize that we needed greater skills of Management and organization in our Society and this was a major hurdle in our Health Care system.

First time in a barber shop Essay

If you’ve never been to a barber shop before, the experience can be quite different from a hair salon or a discount haircut chain. Unlike more upscale hair salons, most barber shops offer quality haircuts at affordable prices; usually, you can plan to pay somewhere around $10-$15 for a haircut (give or take a few dollars, depending on the locale). While most salons and haircut chains do not offer facial shaves, many barber shops routinely offer shaves, often including warm lather and sometimes a hot face towel. A few barber shops may request that you make an appointment before you visit, but most shops operate on a â€Å"first-come, first-served† basis. When you enter a first-come, first-served shop, take note of who was already waiting ahead of you, and keep a mental note of your place in the order as new people enter, so you’ll know when it is your turn. (Newer shops may use sign-in lists to minimize confusion. ) It is customary when you’ve entered an unfamiliar shop to take the next available barber when your turn has come up. However, once you have established a relationship with a particular barber in a shop, it is perfectly acceptable to wait for that barber when your turn comes up. For example, if it is your turn to get a cut, but your favorite barber, Sam, is still cutting another guy’s hair, you can simply say, â€Å"I’m going to wait for Sam. † Unless someone else who was ahead of you is also waiting for Sam, you’ll be next in his chair. Once seated in his or her chair, your barber will ask a few questions about how you would like your hair cut, at least until getting to know your preferences and style. He or she may ask when your last haircut was, whether you wish to simply trim the style you currently have, whether you would like a blocked or tapered neckline (details below), if you would like your sideburns trimmed, if you would like a part in your hair, if you want your neck shaved, if you would like your beard trimmed, if you’d like a full shave, and so on. If you request a very short cut, your barber may ask if you know the clipper blade number that you prefer. Keep in mind that different clipper manufacturers may use slightly different numbering systems for their blades and attachments (more on clippers below). If you have a specific, traditional style in mind (such as a crew cut or a butch), feel free to request it, but understand that these styles can be interpreted slightly differently from barber to barber. It may be wise to describe specific details you are looking for until you and your barber become more familiar with one another. Unless your hair is very dirty, most barbers will not shampoo your hair before cutting. Depending on the preference of the barber, he or she may use clippers or shears (haircutting scissors) to cut your hair; one is not necessarily better than the other, as they are both means to an end. Your barber may use warm lather and a straight razor to clean up the outlines of your cut around the ears and neck. Payment is usually given directly to the barber who cut your hair at the end of the cut, and tipping is customary (between 15-20% is appropriate for most areas of the country).

A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller

Data processing stages of the transmitter and receiver modules have been implemented using digital components, thereby avoiding possible use of conventional devices like monostable multivibrators. Due to the fully digital nature, the proposed design is less complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to make their everyday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the development of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them partially/fully in their daily activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people. Our primary motivation to build a simple and low cost system which remotely operates all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a standard telephone set so that the telephone can be used for the dual purpose of telephony and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, transmitter and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn made up of a digital data processing block and a wireless (infrared) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infrared) receiver block, digital data processing block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit which converts them to corresponding 4 bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 bit frame using this BCD code to facilitate asynchronous communication . The receiver decodes the received signals after checking for any transmission errors (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances. The system employs an asynchronous type of communication [1] in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior information regarding the phase of the transmitter clock [2]. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver [3]. Hence the data is transmitted in the form of frames instead of individual bits. Each such frame consists of start bits, information bits, and stop bits [1]. This is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data processing block of he transmitter gives constant logical high output. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the output of data processing block is negated before transmission to save power in the idle state. The receiver module also senses this and remains idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reception of a start bit changes the state of the r eceiver from an idle to an active state. It then has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at proper sampling instants. Most of the standard hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly rely on variable components such as resistance and capacitance values, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagation delays associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreover, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation delay considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in Section II. Results and discussions are given in Section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual functions of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone can be activated by pressing ‘#’ from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, ‘#’ should be pressed again to deactivate the control system. This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone Interface Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the standard telephone system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local loop and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration [4] which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) [5]. The dual tone frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system remains in the idle state until ‘#’ button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until ‘#’ button is pressed again. This is realized in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to ‘#’ as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the ‘#’ button is pressed and this is directly used to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 [5] is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communicatio n as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 can not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is thus transmitted as frames for proper reception [1]. We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by four data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. Parity bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mark the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly consists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block: This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication. First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. Next bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block: This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The transmission range of the system is thus highly improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before tran smission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. Receiver The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active. It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block: This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels. A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) [6] is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling Clock Generator: The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value ‘0’. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data. Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value ‘0’, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder: The serial input data is sampled according to the sampling instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter (74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly . This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set. The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. This limited the distance between the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an upper limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps [5]. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. T his is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle. Moreover, the signal power reduces when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operating at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not much concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks. Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remotely using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily within a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its ‘#’ button on the keypad. The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop thus avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications. Moreover, the system is capable of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed system can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of appliances, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES [1] Gorry Fairhurst. Asynchronous Communication [Online]. Available: http://www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. [2] D. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004. [3] A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, â€Å"A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication†, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. [4] DTMF Background [Online]. Available: http:// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. [5] Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver [Online]. Available: http://www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. [6] Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. vishay. com/docs/82030/82030. pdf A Telephone Based Wireless Remote Controller Data processing stages of the transmitter and receiver modules have been implemented using digital components, thereby avoiding possible use of conventional devices like monostable multivibrators. Due to the fully digital nature, the proposed design is less complex and hence the implementation is cost effective. I. INTRODUCTION With the advancement in science and technology, human beings have developed a tendency to make their everyday life amply luxurious with the aid of technology. This has led to the development of many sophisticated gadgets and equipments that assist them partially/fully in their daily activities. Operating all such electronic/electrical instruments in a modern house might be difficult for the elderly as well as disabled people. Our primary motivation to build a simple and low cost system which remotely operates all the home appliances stems from this point. We integrate our system with a standard telephone set so that the telephone can be used for the dual purpose of telephony and remote controller for various home appliances. The proposed system mainly consists of 3 modules, viz. , telephone interface circuit, transmitter and receiver. The transmitter module is in turn made up of a digital data processing block and a wireless (infrared) transmitter block and the eceiver module is made up of a wireless (infrared) receiver block, digital data processing block and a decoding block. In the scheme, a telephone receiver acts as a remote terminal to provide input Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) signals to the telephone interface circuit which converts them to corresponding 4 bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes. The transmitter generates an 8 bit frame using this BCD code to facilitate asynchronous communication . The receiver decodes the received signals after checking for any transmission errors (single bit) in the frame. These decoded bits act as control signals for the operation of home appliances. The system employs an asynchronous type of communication [1] in which the transmitter and receiver clocks are independent. The receiver clock does not have any prior information regarding the phase of the transmitter clock [2]. This leads to the problem of choosing the correct sampling instants at the receiver [3]. Hence the data is transmitted in the form of frames instead of individual bits. Each such frame consists of start bits, information bits, and stop bits [1]. This is explained in detail in the subsequent sections. When the system is idle, the data processing block of he transmitter gives constant logical high output. Since the transmitter consumes more power in transmitting logical high than logical low, the output of data processing block is negated before transmission to save power in the idle state. The receiver module also senses this and remains idle whenever the transmitter is transmitting continuous logical low. The reception of a start bit changes the state of the r eceiver from an idle to an active state. It then has to sample the remaining data bits in the frame at proper sampling instants. Most of the standard hardware schemes involve the use of monostable ultivibrators at the receiver to recover the data bits following the start bit. The monostable multivibrators commonly rely on variable components such as resistance and capacitance values, as well as they often account for a major part of the propagation delays associated with the receiver. We have extended this treatment to a fully digital design that presents more challenging tasks including a digital output feedback. Moreover, use of all digital components in the data processing stages reduces the propagation delay considerably. The complete design outline of all the modules of the roposed system is presented in Section II. Results and discussions are given in Section III. Finally, we present our conclusions in Section IV. II. DESIGN OUTLINE The block diagram of the proposed telephone based wireless remote control system is shown in Fig. 1. In the proposed system, the telephone set performs the dual functions of telephony and remotely controlling various devices. The remote control mode of the telephone can be activated by pressing ‘#’ from the keypad of the telephone. After the desired tasks are accomplished, ‘#’ should be pressed again to deactivate the control system. This is one of the functions of the telephone interface circuit, which is discussed next. A. Telephone Interface Circuit The telephone interface circuit integrates the designed system with the standard telephone system. As shown in Fig. 2, it basically performs the job of receiving the signals from the local loop and converting them to the standard digital signals in the BCD format. When any telephone button is pressed, a unique DTMF signal is produced for a short duration [4] which is converted to corresponding BCD code by a standard DTMF to BCD converter (KT-3170) [5]. The dual tone frequencies and the BCD codes associated with each dialed digit are shown in Table 1. The system remains in the idle state until ‘#’ button is pressed which sets the telephone to remote control mode. This mode remains activated until ‘#’ button is pressed again. This is realized in the hardware by using the BCD code corresponding to ‘#’ as the clock to toggle the J-K flip-flop (74112). The flip-flop output toggles whenever the ‘#’ button is pressed and this is directly used to control the mode of operation of the telephone. The DSO output of KT-3170 [5] is used to generate a start it for the system as it is logical high whenever a received tone pair has been registered and the output latch is updated. As the latched 4-bit BCD code is directly available at the output of KT-3170, it is given as such to the data processing block of the transmitter. These data bits are then processed to facilitate asynchronous communicatio n as explained below. B. Transmitter The 4-bit output of KT-3170 can not be directly transmitted as individual bits as the proposed system employs asynchronous mode of communication. The 4-bit BCD code is thus transmitted as frames for proper reception [1]. We have chosen an eight bit frame for our system which consists of a start bit followed by four data bits, a parity bit and two stop bits. Parity bit enables the system to detect any single bit error during transmission. Stop bits mark the ending of the frame. The frame is then transmitted using infrared (IR) transmitter. As shown in Fig. 2, the transmitter mainly consists of two blocks which are explained below. 1) Fully Digital Data Processing Block: This block performs the function of converting individual bits to 8-bit frames in order to carry asynchronous communication. First bit of the frame is the start bit (taken as 0) which is generated when any of the buttons is pressed. The succeeding 4 bits are the data bits (BCD code) generated by the telephone interface circuit as explained before. Next bit is taken as parity check bit generated by XORing the first 5 bits of the frame. Last 2 bits, termed as stop bits, are taken as 1. Following the generation of the start bit, the data bits are loaded in the parallel to serial converter (74165) using a D-type flip-flop (7474) and the frame is transmitted serially. 2) IR Transmitter Block: This module transmits the frames enerated in the previous section using an IR emitting diode. The data to be transmitted is modulated using Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with a carrier square wave of 38 kHz. The transmission range of the system is thus highly improved over the case when data is transmitted without modulation. As the data processing stage gives logical high output in the idle state, it is negated before tran smission to save power. Thus, a logical low is actually transmitted whenever the system is in idle state. C. Receiver The receiver also has 2 working states, viz. , idle and active. It remains in the idle state until it detects a start bit. It then receives the frame starting from the start bit and checks for a single bit error. If error is detected, no action is taken and the information has to be transmitted again by the user. The received data bits are then decoded which act as control signals for the operation of various appliances. As is evident from Fig. 3, receiver circuit can be subdivided into 3 blocks which are explained below. 1) IR Receiver Block: This block receives the transmitted frames and converts the signal back to Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) levels. A standard 38 kHz IR receiver (TSOP 1738) [6] is used for this purpose. 2) Sampling Clock Generator: The main function of this block is to generate a sampling instant at approximately the middle of the transmitted bit interval. The start bit activates this block and loads counter 1 (4-bit up-counter) with value ‘0’. The clock frequency of this counter is 16 times the bit rate. When the output of this counter changes from 7 to 8, the most significant bit changes from ‘0’ to ‘1’ and this rising edge is used as the sampling instant for the data. Start bit also loads the counter 2 (4-bit down-counter) with the frame size i. e. , 8. When this reaches the value ‘0’, the whole block is disabled and is reactivated only when next start bit arrives. 3) Data Sampler and Decoder: The serial input data is sampled according to the sampling instant generated in the previous stage and is converted to parallel form using serial to parallel converter (74164). This data is then checked for any 1-bit errors by XORing the bits. If error is found, no action is taken and the data has to be retransmitted. If no errors are found, the data is decoded using 4-16 decoder (74154) and he signal is given to the appliance for the completion of the corresponding task. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The proposed system has been fully implemented and successfully tested in the standard telephone local loop. The transmitter, kept near the telephone set, taps the DTMF signal from the local loop and transmits the corresponding data frame wirelessly . This signal is received by the receiver installed at the switch board. It decodes the data and takes the corresponding action. At least ten control signals, corresponding to each digit from 0 to 9, can be generated using a standard telephone set. The transmitter was previously implemented without a modulator where the IR LED was kept ON for transmitting logical high and OFF for transmitting logical low. This limited the distance between the transmitter and receiver to a maximum of 30 cms for proper reception. The range of the wireless system has increased to several meters after modulating the data using 38 kHz square wave. This range also depends on the current flowing through the infrared diode which has to be properly tuned to maximize the range. A standard TSOP 1738 receiver is used in the proposed ystem, which requires a minimum burst length of 10 cycles for proper detection. This puts an upper limit on the data rate supported by our system which is practically observed to be 2. 8 kbps [5]. The IR transmitter is highly directional and requires the receiver to be in line of sight of the transmitter. The reception angle of the receiver is observed to decrease with increasing distance between the transmitter and receiver. T his is because of the fact that the power is not uniformly distributed and is concentrated in narrow transmission angle. Moreover, the signal power reduces when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver is increased. So, the receiver has to be highly aligned with transmitter when operating at some substantial distance from it. This problem is of not much concern for our system because the transmitter and receiver, being static in nature, can be properly aligned at the time of installation. The data processing blocks of both the transmitter and the receiver are fully digital in nature. This comprehensively reduces the propagation delays involved and increases the rate at which data can be processed in these blocks. Though, data rate is not very important in the present application but this feature makes the design of our data processing blocks suitable for high data rate applications which are commonly seen in wired communication. IV. CONCLUSIONS A wireless system has been proposed to operate the home appliances remotely using a standard telephone set. This has been successfully tested and is found to be working satisfactorily within a distance of 10 meters. The telephone receiver performs a dual-function of telephony and remotely controlling various devices with the help of its ‘#’ button on the keypad. The telephone interface circuit is easily integrated with the standard local loop thus avoiding any changes in the telephone set. Hence, the proposed system is compatible with any type of telephone working on standard local loop. The system employs asynchronous mode of communication which avoids the need to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, thus making our system less complex and hence cost effective. The proposed fully digital innovative design of the data processing blocks reduces the propagation delay and makes them useful for even high data rate applications. Moreover, the system is capable of detecting the single bit errors occuring during transmission. The proposed system can be used in a wide range of practical applications such as speed control of motors, switching of appliances, control of robots, etc. The above discussed characteristics like simple design, high practical utility and easy installation makes our system highly marketable. REFERENCES [1] Gorry Fairhurst. Asynchronous Communication [Online]. Available: http://www. erg. abdn. ac. uk/users/gorry/course/phy-pages/async. html. [2] D. Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004. [3] A. Subramanian, V. P. S. Makh and A. Mitra, â€Å"A New Digital Transceiver Circuit for Asynchronous Communication†, Enformatika Trans. , vol. 8, pp. 237-241, Oct. 2005. [4] DTMF Background [Online]. Available: http:// www. ece. utexas. edu/mason/codesign/dtmf. html. [5] Samsung Electronics Datasheet. KT3170 Low Power DTMF Receiver [Online]. Available: http://www. ortodoxism. ro/datasheets/SamsungElectronic/mXuusvq. pdf. [6] Vishay Semiconductors Datasheet. Photo Modules for PCM Remote Control Systems [Online]. Available: http://www. vishay. com/docs/82030/82030. pdf

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