The Great Depression 1929-33: A Sources Assignment

Question 1: Source A is an election poster published by the Democratic Party during the Depression. It is a cynical portrayal, mocking the Republican Party's beliefs. It implies that their policies have no foundations by telling people to smile and hope the Depression will go away, ‘This wonderful little gadget will solve the problems of the Nation'. It also says ‘WARNING – Do not risk Federal arrest by looking glum'. This is a subtle, sardonic reference to the Bonus Marchers, who had fought in the First World War and who, in May 1932 marched to demand immediate payment of the bonus they had been promised by the government. The quote from the poster refers to the way the government put down the protesters by arresting people and using violence. This poster gives us evidence about the beliefs of the Democratic Party and the methods employed by it to gain support. However, as the poster is a piece of propaganda and aims to persuade people to support their party it is biased and opinionated. This means that it may be over exaggerated for effect and comedy value. The truth may have been stretched to make a joke of it and win people's support. I do not agree that this poster (source A) does not give any evidence about the Great Depression. It may not be reliable evidence but it does have some historical value. It presents evidence about the ‘Bonus Army', the views of the Republican and Democratic Parties and the methods used by the Democratic Party to gain support. Question 2: Source B was written at the time of the Depression by an American actor, Will Rogers. It is quite accurate about what was happening, he says ‘We are starving to death', which was actually happening at this time. It is a primary source, written by someone with direct experience of the Depression but it cannot be completely reliable as although it is stated as fact it is actually opinion. This makes it less reliable as the author of the source may be biased or not know all of the facts. This source is particularly unreliable as an actor who may have over exaggerated to produce an effect wrote it. Source C is a statement written by D.B. O'Callagham, author of ‘Roosevelt and the United States'. It was written in 18966, over thirty years after the Depression. This source comments less on the impact of the Depression than Source B. It talks more about the Wall Street Crash and is based more on facts than opinion. It uses other sources as evidence to support the facts, ‘Economical experts have said†¦' and although it is a secondary source it seems quite accurate. The fact that it was written after the Depression gives it the advantage of hindsight but means it may be less accurate. Overall I think Source C is more reliable as evidence about the impact of the Depression because it is more factual then Source B. The author of the book would have tried to make it as accurate as possible and backs up his argument with evidence. Question 3 Source D is an artist's view of the Wall Street Crash. This tells us that it is not factual as it is a painting based on the artist's opinion and the artist is probably trying to put across his own point of view. It was created in October 1929 (at the time of the Wall Street crash) and was probably painted by someone with direct experience of the Crash. However it is quite an abstract painting, which different people may interpret in different ways. Source E is a set of statistics showing the changes in the price of shares of leading US companies between September and November 1929. They seem to be quite accurate as to the general change in prices but they are ‘from official figures' which means their accuracy depends on the accuracy of the figures from which they are compiled. These figures could have been adjusted to support an argument, and they lack detail that may improve their reliability. I think that Source E is more useful to a historian studying the Wall Street Crash because the statistics are more factual. There is very little factual information supplied by Source D and its usefulness could depend on the historian's interpretation of the painting. However the statistics although not completely sound are more reliable and useful as evidence because they are factual. Question 4 Source E is from a popular song of 1932. It tells of how the protagonist thought he was ‘building a dream' on the way to ‘peace and glory' for his country but he is now standing in the bread line. This is a typical story of what happened to many working-class men during the Depression. They spent their lives working hard for a better life but the suffered worst during a Depression that was not their fault. This makes the song seem accurate as this actually happened to many people. However the song may have been changed or simplified to fit a certain rhythm or rhyme and the songwriter probably had a personal point, which he wished to put across. I think that it does give an accurate interpretation of most people's attitudes towards the Depression. Not all people would have agreed with this interpretation because they were not affected in this way. This was mainly rich people and people who had been lucky enough to keep their jobs. However I think that it does give an accurate interpretation of a great proportion of people. It is called a ‘popular song', this means that a lot of people must have liked the song, probably because they found it truthful as they could relate to its message and because the were comforted to find that others were in the same position as them. Question 5 Source A does not really give much of an idea as to who suffered more or less during the Recession. It is an election poster aimed to appeal to all people who had suffered under the Depression. Source B says that the working classes were not to blame for the Depression and that it was the rich people whose fault it was. It implies that the poor suffered more because although they were not to blame they felt the effects of it worst. Source C tells us that not enough money was ‘finding its way into the hands of the workers' in the prosperity of the twenties. This shows that the workers did not enjoy much of the wealth of this decade and as a result of this they suffered worse in the Depression because the little they had, they lost. Source D does not tell us anything about the poorer people as it does not distinguish between the rich and the poor. Source E also does not give much of idea about the suffering of the poor, as statistics do not go into enough detail to tell us this. Source F probably says the most about poor people. The person who wrote the song tells us about waiting in line for bread and begging for money. I do not think that the poor suffered most as a result of the Great Depression because the people who were already poor did not have much to loose. If they were very poor before the Depression, the Depression had little or no effect on them. I think that the people who suffered the most were the working classes who had worked hard all their lives and earned their money. They lost the most during the Wall Street Crash, because the Rich did not loose enough to affect them and the poor lost nothing at all. Therefore I think that it was not the poor but the working classes who suffered the most because they lost what they had worked their whole lives for.

How Do People and Themes, Change Throughout the Course of the Story

‘The Darkness Out There’ by Penelope Lively Jordan Roberts How do people and themes, change throughout the course of the story? ‘The Darkness Out There’ combines the author’s narration with the thoughts and feelings of Sandra, a girl belonging to the ‘Good Neighbours Club’. She goes to help out an old lady, Mrs. Rutter, with the help of a boy called Kerry. Mrs. Rutter lives in the countryside; next to a wood called Packers End, feared by Sandra because of its supposed supernatural qualities. Mrs. Rutter has a secret, that when told, horrifies the children.This sub story is of the German she found and left to die back when she was a girl in the war. Penelope Lively develops Mrs. Rutters character in many ways, with clues early on to her true self. Sandra’s views on the characters change by the end, as well as her whole out look of life as a result. There are several themes within this short story this paragraph, deals firstly with t he theme of darkness, and light it covers the darkness around us In Packer's End â€Å"It was a rank place, all whippy saplings and brambles and a gully with a dumped mattress and a bedstead and an old fridge.And, somewhere, presumably, the crumbling rusty scraps of metal and cloth and †¦. bones? † This evokes a sense of desolation a hostile haunted kind of place, somewhere you don't really want to be, nasty things could happen, this sets the mood of the woods also this was set in the past and the present, at one point the writer graphically describes the trees when the German plane went down, â€Å"The branch shapes to look like faces and clawed hands† and â€Å"You couldn't quite see into, the clotted shifting depths of the place. This makes you kind of hold your breath in anticipation wondering what will happen there, you know it is horrible from the descriptive words used. It also tells you of the girl that was possibly sexually assaulted by a knife wielding men so you know now it is definitely are not the place for a young girl to be. The other aspect of Darkness covered in this story is the darkness of badness, evil, human wickedness, vengeance which is never a pretty thing.The dark blot on Mrs Rutter's soul for leaving that poor man to die, obviously drawn out over several days so no doubt a painful, lonely death and he was a mere boy really barely reaching manhood about 20 yrs. old, but she saw it as ok, she â€Å"Licked her lips† she enjoyed the redemption as she signified these injured German pilots as those who in fact killed her own husband.Another key theme is the supernatural, and the mysterious ‘Packers End’ which is often conveyed as the so called ‘Darkness out there’ as her fears change throughout the story. She fears â€Å"German Ghosts† who are said to in fact haunt ‘Packers End’. But lively changes Sandra’s fears almost in correlation as We, the reader see her g row up. As the story starts she fears ‘German Ghosts’ but as the story develops she then fears a ‘knife wielding rapist’ and this shows the fears of a girl and the fears of then the fears of a woman.Furthermore, a key theme throughout the story is growing up as we see Sandra and Kerry realising the changes there body is going through as Sandra â€Å"her breast popping out her shirt† shows the stages of puberty her body is going through as her character becomes more developed mentally so does she physically as she begins to notice the changes happening with her body. Kerry is the same describing his chin â€Å"covered in acne† Her opinion of Kerry changes as lively further develops his character as Sandra does not really know Kerry, but she shares her friends' opinion of him, â€Å"Kerry Stevens that none of her lot reckoned much on†.But at the end of the story she changes her mind. Kerry seems a bit of a stereotype because he works part -time in a garage, and will have a full-time job there when he leaves school. He identifies Sandra's dad by the make and colour of his car. But however lively suggests clues that suggest Kerry is not as Sandra sees him, for example, he is ready to spend his free time helping old people, and he asks Mrs. Rutter what she wants them to do, then gets on with it steadily. At the end of the story however it is Kerry who takes the initiative, and passes judgement on Mrs. Rutter. In Sandra's eyes he had grown; he had got older and larger†¦ † Which furthers the point that Sandra had in fact misjudged, Kerry but this furthermore foreshadows him growing up through the course of the story. Another key point of the story is when he offers her a piece of the Aero bar before he has some himself a subtle message, of which foreshadows the end of the story showing his unselfish nature. One of the ways Mrs. Rutter’s character is portrayed by Penelope Lively is through her environment , both historically and geographically. The house is introduced sending out two different messages. One is that of a quaint homely place.This can be recognized through the descriptions of the china ornaments, â€Å"big-eyed flop-eared rabbits and beribboned kittens and flowery milkmaids and a pair of naked chubby children wearing daisy chains†. Firstly, this gives the impression of a cuddly ‘grandmother’ figure, but then the picture is broken with the mention of the â€Å"smell of cabbage†. This comment conflicts with the otherwise friendly scene to suggest something is not rite. The house reflects Mrs. Rutter’s character. An example of this is â€Å"her eyes investigated quick as mice†. Later, the house mirrors this comment by the author describing that it â€Å"smelt of damp and mouse†.Animals and flowers are frequently mentioned in the description of the ornaments and her love of plants, â€Å"You should see the wood in spring, wit h all the bluebells†. This constant reference to nature implies there is a link with Mrs. Rutter, for nature is changeable and not always as it seems. There is also evidence to suggest she is an old lady whose mind is still stuck in the past, such as her collection of â€Å"old calendars and pictures torn from magazines†. This could later explain why her memory of the German plane and dying soldier is still vivid as ever. The effect of what Mrs.Rutter says and does also reveals sides of her character. She welcomes Kerry and Sandra into her house. But rite at the beginning there is a contrast in description, â€Å"a creamy smiling pool of a face in which her eyes snapped and darted† sounds friendly and comforting but subliminally uneasy and then later sinister as her character becomes more developed. She’s a very judgmental woman. She sends the boy straight away outside to do the manual work and leaves Sandra the light chores indoors. She makes conversation with the girl, but not with Kerry, thinking he’ll have nothing interesting to say.This is because she doesn’t think much of his ambitions, smiling falsely while he tells her that he wants to work as a car mechanic. She insults him, â€Å"well, I expect that’s good steady money if you’d nothing special in mind. Sugar? † then moves on quickly to a gesture of hospitality, trying to conceal the jibe aimed at Kerry. This is also a key theme throughout the story the ideal of certain roles and pre-conceived stereotypes of what a man or woman should be, Mrs. Rutter upholds very traditional stereotypes. She’s patronizing too, with comments like â€Å"You’re a little dress maker, too,† and â€Å"Chocky? She asks Sandra to offer Kerry a chocolate too, but has already forgotten his name â€Å"Take them out and see if what’s-‘s-name would like one? † showing his insignificance in her mind. One reason why she does this may be because she has no children of her own, so she goes on stereotypical ideas. She also makes the reader feel uneasy, â€Å"Mind your pretty skirt, pull it up a bit, there’s only me to see if you’re showing a bit of bum. † This provokes the thought that she has a slightly warped mind. She starts to tell Sandra about her husband who was killed in the war. He died rite at the beginning, and she hasn’t formed any relationships since.This can make the reader feel a little bit sympathetic towards her. Penelope Lively lets us know what others think of Mrs. Rutter as Kerry builds a profile on her character when he talks with Sandra. He shows his dislike of the woman, â€Å"I don’t go much on her† and â€Å"I dunno. The way she talks and that. † Sandra encourages him to feel sorry for her by telling him of her tragedy, but he explains that â€Å"There’s lots of people done that† dismissing the excuse for her peculiar and dis turbing behavior by implying that she wasn’t the only one to loose somebody in the war.The way Mrs. Rutter always watches Sandra and â€Å"glinting from the cushions† gives an uneasy feel towards her. When Kerry returns inside Mrs. Rutter begins her anecdote. He asks if she saw the plane come down and she chuckles, seeming to delight in the idea. She explains how her and her sister went to investigate the scene and was only going to get help if it was an allied plane. This alarms Kerry. Her twisted side becomes more apparent when she says; â€Å"We cheered, I can tell you† as they realized it was German. Sandra is alarmed and quips how awful it was, but Mrs.Rutter, who disregards her discomfort, abruptly interrupts her she is so involved in telling the story. She tries to soften what she is saying by ‘sugaring the pill’, for example friendly additives such as â€Å"my duck† to unsettling sentences. She refers to the injured man in the broken plane as â€Å"that site†. She mentions nothing about the man himself but just remarks how â€Å"it wasn’t a pretty site†. She is unmoved when the German was crying â€Å"mutter, mutter†. This shows she is a cold, heartless woman. She recollects easily how she left the man in pain because it was raining.This shows she has no feeling of mutual human kindness and doesn’t feel obliged to help. Again, she is not bothered with the fact he is in his late teens. Which shows her becoming more and more distant from her ‘grandmother’ stereotype, showing how lively makes the reader question the fact that not all as it in fact seems. Mrs. Rutter is bitter and resentful because of the death of her husband. She delights in the German's death, â€Å"I thought, oh no, you had this coming to you, mate, there’s a war on. † She seems surprised when Kerry and Sandra suddenly get up to leave, disgusted with her tale.She has no remorse and doe sn’t realize there was anything wrong with what she did, her conscience still not activated all these years later. Rite from the beginning there had been implicit clues to her nasty inner character, not just from the story she told which revealed it explicitly towards the end. Penelope Lively through other means, like metaphors, reveals the character. Like her body, her personality is not clear-cut. The author suggests this when she explains â€Å"she seemed composed of circles†. Introduced as â€Å"a cottage loaf of a woman†, gives the misleading impression of a warm, traditional, safe, chunky, old woman.But following this is in fact another metaphor, â€Å"with a face below which chins collapsed one into another,† implicitly meaning she had different guises, was false and two- faced. Someone not to be trusted. On balance, it seems that Mrs. Rutter was a twisted old lady, unable to let go of the bitterness she acquired from her husband’s killing a nd sick because of the fact she relished in the idea of the young German soldier left to die. Her historical background, the fact she lived through the horrors of war is no excuse.She believes herself to be an innocent old lady; blind to her own faults and separated from the outside world. Penelope Lively used various characterization techniques to skilfully convey the character of Mrs. Rutter well. Also by the end of the novel, Mrs. Rutter’s character development changes almost full circle as she is converted from an â€Å"old popper† to what Kerry calls her â€Å"a bitch†. This is used by lively to convey the ideal that not all things are as they seem. And it is not in fact ‘the darkness out there’ but in fact the darkness within people, and as we reveal more and more of Mrs.Rutter’s character we can clearly see a warped women, who left someone to die, with no element of remorse what so ever. In conclusion, a reason why the original thought s of Mrs. Rutter were so misleading was because Sandra didn’t realize her disguise. ‘The Darkness Out There’ was a collaboration of 1st and 3rd person text. Unless the audience was very analytical and close readers, they would generally go along with what Sandra was thinking, they wouldn’t know any better. When Mrs. Rutter is exposed by her evil characteristics the audience learns and was guilty with Sandra.They make the same mistakes of stereotyping as her. As a result, they are more emotionally involved and affected by the moral ending message. The themes and people almost change completely as the fears of Sandra develop from ‘ghosts’ to in fact the darkest part of people’s souls. Sandra becomes forced to question everything she believes in like Kerry a pre-conceived nobody in her eyes but is in fact a good person who offers her chocolate before in fact himself showing an unselfish nature. The title is of course used to question are i nnermost fears the darkness is in fact closer than it may seem.

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay Example for Free

After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History Essay ? After world war one East Asia and North America responded similarly to economic growth and social structure, while taking opposite decisions concerning politics and international relations. Both countries grew economically due to industrialism and their standard living improved by opting for western lifestyle. But japan was involved in war and with no thoughts of stopping while the United States was remaining out of it. To start with, United States and japan had similar ideas regarding their social structure. As the united stated was evolving in improving standard living, japan was moving towards western cultural values. In the United States woman’s rights and labor was beginning to be a normal idea and even birth control comes into the picture. While in japan gender equality, freedom of expression and dignity of the individual where being embraced. All of this because allot of men had to fight in war and people where needed to do work, women took a step and did it becoming not only efficient for working but also economically independent. In other words countries standard living was rising with more people being comfortable with their way of living and not rebelling because of having more rights. Moreover United States and japan had their difference regarding their international political position. While japan gets involved in war, the United States opts for isolationism. Although world war was over and japan had seen the deaths and devastation they decided to invade Manchuria a city in china and one year later invades Shanghai because of a minor conflict but also because Japanese where waiting for an excuse to conquer china for resources, after the battle of Shanghai 22 major battles followed. Meanwhile the United States stayed in their side provoking little problems. Not forgetting to mention that Japan and war one. Like that the United States and japan where in opposite sides of the war after The Great War, japan inside and the united states outside. In addition United States and japan both grew economically after world war one because their industrialism. Both of them got involved in the war very late that gave them more advantage because they had more weapons. Also their industry grew allot making more weapons to export and also they had more manufacturing. As well the United States was giving out loans to countries that where in a bad shape after war. These made both countries economically grow and become economically superior from other countries. In conclusion the United States and japan where similar regarding social structure and economics, they had their differences in their decisions to enter war again. Even more important is what would happened next and that despite their similarities they would end up as rivals and fighting against each other. Was that really the right choice? After Wwi East Asia and North Merica Ap World History. (2018, Nov 09).

Segmentation of industrial markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Segmentation of industrial markets - Essay Example SIX typical criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company for the firm.SIX typical criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company for the firm.It’s is important to pick the right company for a research company, i.e. before launching a new product, it’s important to know the market and thus a good research company helps in accessing the level of demand. Criteria for consideration of choice of Research Company are 1. The reputation of the company, is good? Check for references and ask for or is recommended by business colleagues.2. Establish the company’s success in conducting business research especially in your area of business. This can be done by asking the company for the successful projects similar to your own.3. Create a harmonious relationship with the company; you can invite the company for a meeting or assessment. See if their representatives can listen to what you say. Identify the person you will deal with throughout depending on th e responses to your needs.4. Check if the price is competitive. Get a number of proposals to compare especially if you have met with several companies. Quality is of course very important. Choose an offer that offers most for your money.5. Evaluate the Research Company’s responsiveness.  6. Consider the Company’s approach to market research. The company should be willing to understand my needs and help me achieve my goals. They should adhere to market research standards i.e. professional data collection. The Company must be focused on giving practical and actionable results.

The Components of the Multi-Media Employment Market Essay

The Components of the Multi-Media Employment Market - Essay Example The researcher states that many people today believe, that multi-media will fundamentally change the way people learn, communicate and entertain themselves. This can be done because people can now choose and customise how and what information they receive and when it is received. Unlike linear media like film and video multi-media users can interact and direct the sequence, speed and other aspects of the presentation†. For this especially skilled professionals have specific knowledge and skills. This essay aims to explore what actually multi-media is in the context of being an avenue of employment for millions on a global scale. It reports the characteristics of the employment market in this fast-growing sector of the global economy. It states the types of jobs that are universally accepted as being a part of the multi-media ambit and the professional and personal skills and requirements that are necessary to compete successfully. The researcher of this essay also explores the kinds of work that have to be successfully undertaken by incumbents in the various job profiles within multi-media. It is also mentioned that multi-media is being increasingly used in other devices today, such as mobile phones and kiosks. It is also being used pervasively in advertising products through electronic media. In conclusion, the researcher states that the scope for employment in multi-media is thus increasing at a pace, which is more than in many other innovative sector of industry worldwide.

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Combining Nurse leader with Advocacy - Term Paper Example First, there is the personal and professional accountability where through my advancement of education from an RN to a BSN I have become a professional in the workplace, as I understand better the needs of the patients. Additionally, I have managed to ensure that I am ethically upright in this profession, as well as, competent and good at my job (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2004). The greatest disadvantage or weakness, I am facing now in this area, is the lack of an appropriate certification to a specific specialty of career. My previous career in home ventilation management came to a stop after I suffered physical disability, which would not allow me to work. Over time, my certification in this field expired, and that is why I opted for a different career path. Although, I now considered myself a novice in terms of professionalism, the steps I am taking right now are aimed at overcoming this challenge. Under career planning, I visualize myself in a better place than I am right now because I am confident that I am heading in the right direction. Education advancement has been a major boost to my career plan because I am improving my career status with each step I take as I advance my education level (Kelly, 2012). It is for this reason that I will consider my strength under career planning to the fact that I am furthering my education, which contributes to gathering of a vast amount of knowledge through the learning experience. My main weakness, in this area, would also be my physical disability. However, I am determined to work hard and do everything in my ability to help me achieve my career goals despite the hurdles in my way. The third area, I am going to look at, is the personal journey disciplines, which involves the techniques that are set aside to help an individual grow and be strong as a leader. In my case, this is an area that I have little knowledge about but am working on and learning about shared leadership, as well

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Soccer - Essay Example During normal competitions, a win results to three points whereas a draw results to one point. The basic law of this game is that only the goalkeeper should handle the ball using hands during play except in instances of a throw- in (Wingate, 2007). The players should not wear any dangerous material such as jewels whereas the goalkeeper must wear distinguishable clothing that is different from other players and match officials. Substitution of players occurs during the game and the permitted substitutions in a competitive game are three though this number may vary in friendly matches (Wingate, 2007). The reasons for substitution are injury and incompetence of a player. In addition, a coach may substitute a player in case of a tactical switch. A referee preside the game and has complete authority to impose the laws associated with the game. The referee can send a player off the field in case of any serious offence committed such as inappropriate tackling and intentional handling of the ball. A referee may punish a player’s misconduct through caution and issues a yellow card or send off by issuing a red card (Wingate, 2007). A standard match consists of two periods comprising of forty-five minutes each (Wingate, 2007). In addition, there is a fifteen minutes break amid halves. The referee who is the timekeeper may opt to give additional time to recover time lost because of attending an injured player. Conclusively, an individual must master some skills to perfect in this game such as shooting, juggling, and dribbling (Wingate, 2007). Defenders need to master the skill of

Report on Foreign Direct Investment of The Toyota Motor Corporation Term Paper

Report on Foreign Direct Investment of The Toyota Motor Corporation - Term Paper Example According to 2010 financial data, India is the world’s fourth largest economy by purchasing power parity and tenth largest by nominal GDP. As per International Monetary Fund’s report, the country’s per capita GDP is $3,339 in 2010. As Shurtleft and Aoyagi point out, India initiated its free market operations in 1991, and that highly boosted India’s economic growth (999). The country’s industrial operations account for 28% of the GDP and it employs 14% of the total workforce. India’s economy is the world’s 12th biggest in terms of nominal factory output whereas it is 13th on the ground of service output. The country has achieved significant improvements in its energy and power resources during the last few decades; India’s oil reserves are capable of meeting the country’s 25% of the domestic oil demand. Well structured Indian banking system plays a notable role in supporting India’s economic growth. A stable currenc y is another prominent feature of Indian economy. Hence, the economic factors of India offer potential opportunities for Toyota in the market. Despite these positive economic elements, the country has been facing serious income inequalities, higher unemployment, and increasing number of malnourished children. Higher unemployment rate in India may be beneficial for the Toyota to obtain labors at cheaper costs. The country’s exports increased 22.3% in November 2010 whereas the imports rose by 7.5%. Similarly, the country’s trade deficit dropped from $10.45 billion in 2009 to $8.94 billion in 2010. Political Scenario India is the largest economy in the world and a federal constitutional republic. The country’s political situation is more or less stable. While analyzing the democratic history of India, it is obvious that Government of India has been led by the Indian National Congress most times. The Indian state politics is dominated by several national parties inc luding INC, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and a number of other regional parties. Presently, the Government of India is being led by the INC by winning with a surprising majority in the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections. Different political parties represent different societies and regions and their core values can have a great influence on the Indian political spectrum. Since India is a democratic country, the Toyota may sometimes confront with agitations as occurred in the case of Coca Cola. However, the Indian government believes that foreign investment would significantly contribute to the rapid economic growth of the country. Therefore, the political spectrum of India offers opportunities for Toyota. By the end of 1970s, India liberalized its foreign trade policy and it provided multinational firms better access to Indian market (Dahlman & Utz,). As a result, India’

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Director of digital strategy for a leading UK estate agency chain - Essay Example This report highlights the tangible characteristics of viral, affiliate and search engine marketing strategies, ultimately selecting one viable marketing strategy to enhance sales volumes and brand visibility of the estate agency chain. In 2007, web-based advertising of properties increased 70 percent from 2004 (Key Note Media 2010). This means that it is becoming common practice for estate agents to utilise the Internet as a means of expanding their brand presence and effectively promoting a variety of properties in this industry. Coupled with this dramatic increase, a recent survey indicated that 57.7 percent of consumers would actively search the Internet as an option when desiring to move into a new home (Key Note Media 2010). Furthermore, in 2010, the volume of consumers sustaining Internet access in the United Kingdom was listed at over 44 million (Digital Age 2012). This represents approximately 70 percent of the entire United Kingdom population (ONS 2012). Because of this dynamic and high volume usage of Internet technologies by many demographics, viral marketing represents a significant opportunity for improving the market position of this leading estate agency. Viral marketing is defined as an amalgamation of marketing tactics that utilise existing social networks and related Internet technologies to achieve specific marketing objectives or increase brand awareness (Boone and Kurtz 2007). It is a strategy that attempts to promote growth in word-of-mouth by passing on a well-developed marketing message that proliferates itself much like a virus to encourage social circulation of a marketing message or organization (NCTU 2011). Viral marketing provides opportunities to create thrill in consumer markets, or buzz, that facilitates positive gossip in desired market groups about the viral content observed or otherwise engaged with on the Internet. Viral marketing efforts generally utilise video clips, images, integrated marketing

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Mekong delta - Essay Example In 1802, it became part of French colony and became part of Vietnam when it gained independence from France (Brocheux, 1995). Mekong delta is 39000 km in area. It was initially a forest area and marshland having diverse landscape with mountains, highland and plain region. The marshland makes it very fertile land. It has moderate climate. Due to its low lying area, it is susceptible to flash floods. Lunar new year and mid autumn festival are major cultural events. During the festival, children float lighted candles on skiffs on the river. The multicultural society comprises of Vietnamese, Khmer, Chinese, Cambodians and Cham tribe. The main religions are Buddhism, Catholicism, Cao Dai, Hoa Hao and Islam (vietscape.com, 2004). Agriculture is major source of income for the people. Rice is major agricultural crop followed by fruits and vegetables. It is second largest producer and exporter of rice in the world. Acquaculture is another industry which facilitates export of fish like shrimps, cat fish etc. In recent times, tourism has also emerged as important industry. Boats and ferries are major transport systems across the provinces and cities. Bus, light and heavy vehicles are used on the roadways along with motorbikes, and bicycles. Recently a cable stayed bridge was constructed that connects Long province with Can Tho city. The bridge is expected to reduce the reliance on ferries for commutation. Some of the provinces of Mekong are also connected by air-flight. Mekong Delta has two main floating markets: Cai Rang and Phong Dien, where villagers bring their produce like vegetables, fruits, fish etc. on the boats. All its businesses are conducted on the banks. They have bamboo houses and cultivate fisheries under them. Goods are bought by local traders who sell them in the big cities at great profit. It also has floating

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Example for Free

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, very popular for his of contribution of theories on the concept of medicalization. He has published many books on medicalization and has presented to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease. Medicine is a major therapy tool in social life and without proper medication human life could be highly constrained by many diseases surrounding it. Ivan Illich has had a contribution in the field of medicalization as a philosopher by constructing theories that various medics have followed in their practice. Iatrogenesis is a term that is used to refer an illness that come from medical activity and outweighs any positive benefit of medicine. Iatrogenesis was introduced into social science by Illich. According to Illich, iatrogenesis had adverse effects on the industrial society as it enhanced the corruption, incapacitated individuals and limited freedom in an industrial set up. Illich outlined three major types of iatrogenesis, these are; clinical, social and cultural iatrogenesis. Illich has theorized various ideas in medicalization and society. This essay will point out some theories that highlight whether Illich was a prophet or a rumormonger in society and show some evidence based on his approaches in medicalization. The essay will as well focus on the notion of iatrogenesis and statistics that has been conducted in the UK based on statistics. Finally, the essay will show some assumptions of Illich on medicalization and also how iatrogenesis can be prevented in society. According to statistics in the UK, it indicates that the estimation of 215,000 deaths every year have been caused by iatrogenic, whereby cancer and the heart disease are seen to be causing more deaths in every year(Shaffer, Philips, Enzer, 2009, p.241). Iatrogenic effects in several cases are fully defined and can be recognized easily, for instance those complications that need a surgical procedure. However, the less obvious complications need significant investigation to recognize, such as difficult drug interactions. Ivan Illich who was a researcher and a multilingual prolific writer on issues related to society and medicine attributed his concepts of medicalization and proposed his views towards the modern medicine in the society. Illich argued that the notion of medicine had deprived individuals and society of their capacity to cope with sickness and death (Basford, Lynn Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). Therefore, based on Illich, iatrogenesis cannot be understood unless it is seen specifically medical manifestation of particular counter productivity. Illich therefore points out main three levels of iatrogenesis. The first level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is depicted to the patients by unproductive, toxic and insecure treatment to the patients. The second level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of medicalization of life, and thirdly cultural iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of the destruction of traditional ways of dealing with and making sense of death, pain and illness. Based on the evidence in his works of medicine described for over twenty years, it is noted that Illich was not a rumormonger, but a philosophical prophet, based on his predictions and research on the concept of iatrogenesis. Ivan Illich has traced contemporary idea of the issue of epidemic in the societal context and this notion has greatly focused on the main assumptions that lead to that epidemic. Based on his ideas, he argued on the progressing views on medicine, there is an empowerment model that has evolved out of the realization of epidemic and, therefore, patients cannot be forced to follow a lifestyle dictated by others towards the problem of medicalization. Based on Ivan Illichs theories on his perspectives towards natural health, medicine undermines health of individuals not only based directly on aggression, but also over the impact of its social organization on the milieu. On that context, when the medical damage to the health of an individual is produced based on the sociopolitical mode of transmission. Thus, according to Illich, social iatrogenesis is designated in all impairments on regard to health that specifically to those socio-economic revolutions which have been made pretty, probable, or essential by the formal shape health care has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Thus, based on his views towards the medicalization, the assumptions that erupt prevail that Illich was one person in the society who was seen as a prophet. Most people considered his ideas more especially his aspects on the iatrogenesis and through his open minded on the society, they regard his views to be those of a prophet. The iatrogenic death has become the third leading cause of death in the UK, surpassing the death by stroke. Based on different sources indicate that, between 200,000 and 250, 000 people are reported to die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the hospital setting (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On the same note, it is seen that deaths by ADRs kills over five times as the illegal combined in every year and that is the most conservative estimate that is outlined. Thus, the prescription drug Vioxx kills an estimate of 60,00 people by cardiac arrest alone and this figure does not reflect and account for any other fatal side effects such as the internal bleeding. In most cases, medicine undermines health and this is not only based on direct aggression against individuals but it has also an impact on the social organization on the total milieu. Therefore, medical damage to the individual health is enacted by the social iatrogenesis. This defines all the deficiencies that subdue to health a nd are due precisely to those socio-economic revolutions that have been made impressive, possible by the established shape health care. Iatrogenesis has many dimensions as per Ivan Illich’s concept. The undesirable side-effects of approved, mistaken, callous or contra-indicated technical contacts with the medical system represent only first level of pathogenic medicine. The belief of people that they cannot cope with illness without modern medicines reinforces and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by surrendering themselves to the doctors. According to Illich, he illustrates that the social iatrogenesis is not yet acknowledged as a collective etiology of sickness. He outlines that the diagnosis often serves as a means of turning political grievances besides the stress of growth into needs for more remedies that are just more of its expensive and demanding outputs, the industrial system would lose one of its major defenses. On the same note, responsiveness of the extent to which iatrogenic ill health is politically-communicated would shake the basics of medical power much more deeply than any catalogue of medicines technical faults. Based on this fact, his works and ideas portray the assumption of his research and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but can be seen as a prophet in several aspects since his predictions indicated the notion of reality. Iatrogenesis designates a condition of illness, disease, injury or hostile health brought upon a patient as an indirect or direct result of medical diagnosis or cure. Therefore, when iatrogenesis gets into pain, there are numerous common varieties of iatrogenesis, that subsidize to the on-set of symptoms, as well as the dissemination and worsening of existing conditions. Acute postoperative pain is followed by insistent pain in 10-50% of individuals after mutual operations, such as breast and thoracic surgery, groin hernia repair, and coronary artery bypass surgery leg amputation (Gould, Brooker Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrogenic complications are very common most people who are affected are the elderly than the young patients. These complications include the adverse effects as the interactions, falls, nosocomial infections, Pressure ulcers and other relevant complications to surgery, however, prevention is often possible, (Odea Erikson, 2010, p.341). For example, the large percentage t hat is affected is the men. The statistics indicate that women live longer than women, however, the spend most of their lives with different disparities. The smoking rates between women in UK were slightly low compared to men, thus women smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%. The initial step in stoppage is to categorize patients at high risk in order to know the way forward in which to help that particular individual. Risk factors may include the following. Prevention is the most crucial factor and determining the effective way to prevent such assumption is to overlook on that factors that contribute to such infections. After full recognition of that factors, focusing on the proper measures that should be taken into consideration to avoid those elements that affect the situation (Miller, 2013, p.178). Thus, interventions that can prevent iatrogenic complications may include the following: addressing proper medication to the patient by relying on primary evidence. In conclusion, Illich can be considered a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet according to religion is a person who can tell about the future. This declaration has evolved from a number of his assumptions on medicine and his approaches towards the medicalization that are entirely based on his research of over twenty years. For instance, in UK there are several individuals who die of diseases linked to the effect of iatrogenesis in every year. This aspect is seen to affect the elderly people more than the young. Illichs views on medicalization are shown to be very significant to the society as they enlightened individuals to be aware of some aspects that lead to iatrogenesis. With the evidence on health system, his philosophies are examined to be very significant in society since they mainly focused on the main areas that analyze medicalization. His predictions in several aspects support his research on the health systems in society and this fully defines him as a prophet. It ha s been documented that no substantial addition to life expectancy or the quality of life critically ill patients has been achieved by high tech cost medical technology. As a contrast, there are many medical interventions, which are simple, cheap and often without any need of medicine yet are quite effective. However, such simple remedies are often neglect or ignored altogether. medicalization encourages our dependence on professional care, and on medical drugs. References Basford, L. Oliver S. 2003. Theory and Practice of Nursing: An Integrated Approach to Patient Care. Cheltenham, U.K: Nelson Thornes. Gould, D., Brooker, C., Gould, D. 2008. Infection prevention and control: applied microbiology for healthcare. Basingstoke [England], Palgrave Macmillan. Kazer, M. W. 2008. Essentials of gerontological nursing. New York, Springer. Miller, A. B. 2013. Epidemiologic studies in cancer prevention and screening. New York, NY, Springer. ODea, J. A., Eriksen, M. P. 2010.Childhood obesity prevention: international research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford [U.K], Oxford University Press. Shaffer, D., Philips, I., Enzer, N. B. 2009.Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol, and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857), The Office. Source document

Educators and their Perception on Children Essay Example for Free

Educators and their Perception on Children Essay Studies reveal that there has been an increasing degree of childhood challenging behavior. On a survey made by Joseph et al (2003) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004) revealed that 73% of educators perceived that children with challenging behaviors has been increasing. More importantly, educators have also been affected by such an increase of challenging behaviors as 70% of them claimed that children with such make them feel stressed, while 60% said that it has a negative effect on their job satisfaction. Since challenging behavior has been increasing at present, such also has a negative effect on teacher turnovers. In relation with it, it has also been viewed that such a character of children has a significant relationship to the educators burn out and amount of complaints that they receive from the parents. In consequence, the schools upper administration, tend to squeeze their budgets for a more costly approach and on the other hand, educators are being questioned of their efficiency. During the 1960s educators believed that the source of difficulties in their class primarily emerges from children with problem behaviors. As such, they tend to see them as bad apples that could be removed in order to maintain a more favorable environment (Long et al, 1965) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004). In fact studies of Joseph et al on 2003 revealed that 40% of educators reveal that they have removed students from their class for the past 12 months. Another problem that the educators experience is that they take the approach to children with challenging behavior as evident on their expression of frustration, anger, inadequacy, fear, guilt and stress (Strain and Joseph, 2004). In addition with this, respondents also reveal that they felt overwhelmed, undervalued and disrespected (Strain and Joseph, 2004). These feelings are clear indications that there are problems that the teacher needs to address. The educator needs to cope with these kinds of feelings in order to provide more self-control and rational thinking to be able to effectively address their students challenging behavior. Odom et al (1990) as cited from Strain and Joseph (2004) also found out that a teachers openness to adopt a new approach towards teaching children could also affect the rate in which children could go through with the problems that he or she is experiencing. It has also been perceived that the amount of work that the teachers have to handle could also impact how the way the handle children with challenging behavior. For teachers who have a lot of priorities and paperwork, to ask them to do one more thing further adds to their frustration. Teachers also argue that they don’t have enough training in order to deal with this type of children. These situations in addition to their relatively low wages are also determining factors of their negative attitude towards children with challenging behavior.

Babri Masjid Demolition Case And Formation Of Hindu Community History Essay

Babri Masjid Demolition Case And Formation Of Hindu Community History Essay Introduction The Babri- Masjid dispute in Ayodhya as been the cause of violence between the Hindus and the Muslims for many decades each faith claiming the ownership of the disputed holy site. Ayodha is a pilgrimage is a pilgrimage site that is used both by Muslims and Hindus and two faiths attend the annual Ram festivals which are attended by more than 500000 people. Both faiths belief that the well water found in the site has miraculous curative properties. Hindus claim that the site where the mosque stood was similar spot where the temple build in 12th century in honor of the Lord Rama had stood and got destroyed during the reign of Babur. The two faiths have been clashing constantly especially with the Hindus trying hard to erect a temple for worship in the same site while the Muslims resisting and refusing to allow such ideas. Violence has erupted severally calling for the intervention of the civil administration which refused the place to be used as a place of worship and that no one builds a temple there until the dispute is resolved. Getting a viable solution the dispute had taken decades characterized with massive bloodshed and l loss of lives and still remains a contentious issue in Ayodhya region and the entire Indian/muslim society. History of the Babri-Masjid dispute in Ayodhya The Babri Mosque was in 1528 by Babars general Mir Baqi following the orders that were given by Babur after the destruction of the Ram Mandir. The first recorded violent incident regarding the issues took place in 1853 at the time when Nawab Wajid reigned. The clash emanated from the claims by the Hindu sect Nirmohis that the mosques stood where the destroyed ancient temple stood. To curb the spiraling violence the British administration in 1859 was forced to erect a fence in the site to separate the places of worship allowing the Muslims to use the inner court and the Hindus to use the outer court (Jaffrelot, 1996). In 1949 there was a controversial incident where idols of Lord Rama appeared inside the mosque and it was alleged to have been placed by Hindus and that incident led to a massive protests by the Muslims and resulted to both parties filing law suits against each other and to curb the situation the government proclaimed the premises as a disputed area and all the gates to the site were locked. In 1984, Vishwa Hindu Parishad party spearheaded the formation of a committee that was intended to liberate the disputes holy site and to carry out the building of a temple in the site and the leader of the Janata party Lal Krishna later took over in leading the campaign. Formation of the committees prompted the order by the district judge to open the gates of the Babri mosque to allow the Hindus to worship in the site and this again sparked protests by those of muslim faith resulting to the formation of the Babri Mosque Action Committee which was responsible for ensuring that no temple was build near the mosque. 1n 1989 the campaigns by the VHP party to construct a Ram Mandir in the site were stepped up and led to the laying down of its foundations on the land that was adjacent to the mosque. 1990 saw the VHP activists destroy part of the mosques and the Prime Minister Chandra put some efforts to resolve the issue in vain. The VHP supporters demolished the mosque in 1992 and stirred up nationwide riots between the two faiths Hindus and Muslim resulting to death of more than 2,000 people and in response to the disaster the government set up a justice MS Liberhan commission which was to inquire in to the conspiracy that led to the destruction of the mosque. Since then there have been several attempts to resolve the dispute but an amicable solution have been reached and more deaths and riots have been experienced in 2002 when 58 people were killed on an attack on the train in Gordha which was ferrying Hindu activists returning from Ayodhya. The train attack sparked more protest in Gujarat which lead to death of 1000-2000 people which were mostly Muslims and the high court started hearings on the ownership of the site same year. Following a court order archaeologists begun a survey in the religious site to determine whether Lord Rama really existed on the disputed site and the team attested to have found evidence of a temple beneath the mosque and the finding were disputed by the Muslims. By 2004 Advani and the BJP still had unwavering commitment that the building of the temple in Ayodhya was inevitable and in 2005 the government extends the term of Liberhan Ayodhya commission and in 2007 fifteen persons that included a lawyer were sentenced to life sentence by a local court on accusations that they burned nine persons alive during the communal riots in Kanpur after the demolition of Babri Masjid in December 1992. Seventeen years after it was setup and with 48 extensions, the Liberhan commission submitted its report to the prime minister Singh and that saw the high court pronounce its final judgment which was a split verdict suggesting division of the disputed land into three equal portions between the Ram temple, Nirmohi Akahara (plaintiff) and finally the Sunni Wakf board (Irani, 2004). Formation of Hindu community. As the comment every history is the history of the present goes, the Hindu community have been formed and reshaped for centuries by the progressive events that would lead to the demolition of the Babri-Masjid mosque by in December 1992 in Ayodhya. The community has had occurrences that have taken place on a progressive chain that when linked form the history of the formation of the Hindu community. The Babri-Masjid case has taken more than eighteen years to with nearly fifty trans-governmental extensions, more bloodshed and loss of lives in riots and intentional attacks directed towards the disputing factions. The case was opened in 1992 and closed in 2010 having faced a lot of challenges in trying to deliver a fair judgment to the contesting parties the muslim and Hindu believers who both claim to own the Ayodhya religious site (Yadav, 2008). The case manifests an act that done by Hindus as a manifestation of violence that is fought psychologically and is directed towards their oppressors mainly the Muslim community who are alleged to be gradually converting Hindu places of worship into mosques. The Hindu community is believed to be fighting a psychological war that involves a collective or folk memory of the people and the institutional memory of its oppressors. This struggle for liberation by the Hindu community is just a record of resistance that the people have been fighting since the destruction of their temple build for Rama in Ayodhya back in 15th century by the Muslim leaders of the time. Such re-currying riots and resistance have contributed to the formation of present Hindu society. For instance the existence of the various factions of Hinduism like the Buddhism and are as a result of defection by members of the Hindu mainstream due to pressures related to the continued fight to reclaim their grabbed religious s ites like the Babri Masjid. The collective memory in such community formation have been eternalized by intergenerational passage of ancestral events through literature, art, folk traditions and culture and in the current generation such memory is fostered by the wring down of biographies which evokes the continued struggle for liberation by the community. Celebration of birth and death anniversaries of their past leaders is also used by the community to keep the memory alive. The memory unleashed to their leaders inspires the current generation to do something to avenge the atrocity. For example a sportsperson and a crusader against racial injustice once commented that they are haunted by the misdeeds that their ancestor faced in the hands of their oppressors and that are why when they bowl lethally and bet explosively as if they are taking revenge. This means that the daily activities carried out by the current Hindu community is influenced by the past events and which makes current events the future history. Several religions like the Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism and the influx of Christianity and Islamic faiths as well as their easy acceptability by some Hindu community is a revelation of de-fragmentation of the community into new formations as result of the continued struggle with the caste system in the society. The minority groups have continuously resisted to the discrimination by the majority dogma and this has resulted to defection from the community and the n joining forces with the group that consider their pledges like promotion of equality. The act of splitting of the community leads to adoption of varying beliefs and practices which have greatly contributed formation of a diversified Hindu community. The Babri-Masjid Demolition Case has led to more misunderstandings between the Hindu community as people are divided between supporting their religion by fighting for the building of the temple in Ayodhya and advocating for peace and harmony between the Hindus and the Muslim community. The daily controversy has led to formation of a more divided Hindu community which affects the future history of the community in a similar way the past events and struggles for liberation led to the current history of the past Hindu community.

The Devine Comedy Essay -- essays research papers

This review is on The Divine Comedy, written by Dante Alighieri in 1306 - 21. The time period is in the 1300’s. Dante often used his knowledge of the present to predict future events. The book is divided into 3 sections: Inferno (hell), Purgatorio (purgatory), and Paradiso (heaven). Each one of these sections is divided into 33 cantos (except Inferno, which has 34 cantos), which are written in tercets (groups of 3 lines). The number 3 in Dante's time was significant because it was considered holy. Dante’s dead love Beatrice asks the Virgin Mary to help him see the error of his ways. Mary accepts and Dante is sent to hell for 3 days. Next he goes up Mount Purgatory on the other side of the world, then to Heaven in the sky. Dante is lost at the beginning of the story, so he needs guides to help him along. His first guide, through Hell and Purgatory, is Virgil. They encounter many sinners on the way. Dante learns to hate sin. His second guide is Beatrice, the woman he adored while she lived. His final guide is Saint Bernard, who takes him to see God. As the pilgrims entered Purgatory, an angel inscribed the letter "P" on Dante's forehead seven times, to represent the seven deadly sins (pride, envy, anger, sloth, avarice, gluttony, and lust). As Dante made his way through the seven areas reserved for those who committed each of these sins, the letters were erased one by one, and the climb became less difficult. Most obviously difficult for the illustrator is the fac...

Comparing the Humility of Kings in Shakespeares Richard II through Henry V :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Humility of Kings in Richard II through Henry V  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though Shakespeare was a conservative, he believed in the humility of Kings. The plays Richard II through Henry V assert Shakespeare's idea that a King must understand the common man to be a good ruler. These four plays chronicle the history of three Kings' ability to recognize, relate to, and be part of the humanity he rules. Shakespeare advocates his belief with the falling of Richard II, who could not or would not understand his subjects; the constancy of Henry IV, whose combined humility and strength won him the thrown; and Hal, whose raucous behavior led his father to worry and his country to victory. King Richard II is Shakespeare's example of a king who removes himself from the reality of the common people. Richard views his position as a source of amusement. His "cares" as King, other than an opportunity for an agreeable audience, are merely a burden. Instead of investigating the accusations of treachery from Henry and Mawbrick, he exiles both men as an easy way out. Richard was born a King, and knows no life other than that of royalty. Unfortunately the lesson that must know men to rule them costs him the thrown. Richard's lesson influences his usurper and his usurper's heir to the thrown, demonstrating to them both the value of humility. After exiling Henry, Richard takes the opportunity to criticize his "courtship to the common people." His speech at first seems to merit Henry for his sociability, but it quickly becomes clear that, to Richard, commoners are not fit for royal consumption: How he did seem to dive into their hearts With humble and familiar courtesy, What reverence he did throw away on slaves, Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles (I.iv.25-8) Shakespeare is of course establishing Henry's ability to gather support from the masses, the very key to his victory over Richard later in the play. The speech also clarifies Richard's position on the subject to underline this contrast between the two men. To fine tune Richard's character, Gaunt gives a revealing and unbridled description of Richard to his face just before dying. After Richard exiles the soul heir to his estate, Gaunt is bitter and fed up with his weak and pompous qualities: A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown, Whose compass is no bigger than thy head,

R.C. Sherriffs Journeys End :: Sherriff Journeys End Essays

R.C. Sherriff's "Journey's End" 'Journey's End' was written in 1928, ten years after the end of the First World War. The author, R. C. Sherriff, was injured during action in World War 1 and therefore got a ticket home. Sherriff was trying to raise money for a new boat club and so decided to write this play and perform it. The other club members refused to act out this play because it was too like the World War. There had been a tendency for men returning from the front not to discuss their experiences as they were too horrific and they did not wish their womenfolk to know the truth. So Sherriff went to the 'Incorporated Stage Society'. They agreed, after a while of asking, to have one Sunday performance at the Savoy Theatre in London. They were to judge the play and see if it was successful. It was very successful and then ran for another 600 shows. Sherriff then became a full time writer and died in November 1975. After 'Journey's End', many other books and plays were written and performed about World War 1, but Journey's End had been the first. In the play Sherriff uses many ways to portray the horrors of war and because it is set in a dugout the audience is brought right to the front line for the entire play. The conditions are conveyed in great detail and they are introduced at the very beginning of the play with Hardy trying to dry his sock out over a candle in a dugout. Sometimes the men could not get dry for days and the condition known as trench foot took its name from an infection of the feet resulting from being constantly wet. Lice affected the soldiers very badly in the trenches. The soldiers were on duty at the front for six days and then got time off to rest and be de-loused. The lice would be everywhere and even if the soldiers were clean they would be re-infested very quickly. Stanhope said the dugout 'reeked of candle-grease, and rats - and whisky' and like 'cess-pits'. During the play it was said by Hardy that there probably is over two million rats in and around No man's land. Hardy advised Osbourne not to sleep with his legs hanging too low 'or the rats gnaw your boots'. During the six days at the front the soldiers very rarely took their uniform off, not even for bed, except their shoes and wet items of clothing. They slept on beds sometimes with no bottoms, in the dugouts. They were bunk beds and had a frame and a few cross bars.

Are Professional Athletes Overpaid? Essay

Professional athletes, specifically in the NFL, NBA, and MLB, often are rewarded extremely substantial contracts and lucrative endorsement deals and it has been argued that their salaries should be reduced to smaller wages but they are paid in the way that they are for good reason; they provide the world with constant entertainment, work hard at their jobs and are only able to work for a small amount of time. In 2011, both the NFL and the NBA locked out its players from team facilities and also completely shut down league operations because of disagreements on player salaries and reductions. In 2012 and 2013, the NHL was locked out, also for financial disputes. All three leagues’ lockouts were battles between the owners and the players, the billionaires versus the millionaires. The team owners wanted to reduce the salaries of their players and the players wanted to leave them be. Previously, the owners and players had a collective bargaining agreement, and until a new one was reached, the fans of each of these sports could not enjoy watching their teams play. In these particular arguments, the players were correct in that they do not deserve to have their contracts reduced. Athletes provide constant entertainment to the masses and everyone is interested in what they do. Each year, the television ratings for big games and contests such as the Super Bowl, the World Series or the NBA finals increase. The population is generally interested in the affairs of professional athletes and this is what makes them celebrities. The American society would not be the same without the likes of LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Peyton Manning, or Tom Brady. The United States is automatically associated with these names because national sports are an essential part of our culture. Therefore, it makes sense for the faces of these athletes to be seen on store windows and in cell phone advertisements for the sake of endorsement deals. Having a customer see LeBron James’ face on a Nike shopping bag or in a Samsung commercial is a great way to get the customer to buy the product because they associate it with James, a world-renowned basketball star. Giving large endorsement deals to big-name athletes helps support the economy because fans emulate the players they cheer for. Due to the physical toll of their professions, athletes are only able to enjoy  limited time playing their sports. Usually, they are drafted right out of college around the age of 22 and only the good ones are able to stay around long enough into their mid-late thirties. While some are able to maintain jobs as analysts or sideline reporters, others don’t have their future professions set in stone. For example, an NFL quarterback may retire at the age of 35 with a completely broken down body after sustaining all the hits during his career. At that point, he may no longer be able to get a job anywhere else, especially not in any other sport. Having a large contract that can cover several years for them would allow them to enjoy an easy retirement just like everyone else once they are finished with their work. Not only are athletes a staple in American culture, but they have worked harder than anyone else in the world to get to where they are today. Professional sports teams are solely comprised of the absolute best of the best and to become that, the amount of time and dedication needed seem s impossible. There are about 900 teams in college basketball and about 13 players per team. That multiplies to nearly 12,000 players across the country each year. The NBA has 30 teams and each team is only allowed 12 players. That multiplies to 360 NBA players each year, about 3% of the total number of college players. If college basketball is already hard enough to get into; the NBA is for the truly elite. Athletes as physically gifted as many are is also very rare. In order to be in the NBA, one needs to be above-average in height. In the NBA, anyone below 6’6 or 6’7 would look short in comparison to anyone else. The average height of a 22 year old male, which is the age of an NBA player straight out of college, is about 5’9 or 5’10, so 6’6 is extremely tall. Being this tall could result in a person being uncoordinated and clumsy. Clearly, NBA players are the exact opposite and that makes them even more impressive as athletes. Watching someone as gifted as a hulking beast like 6’8, 260 lb LeBron James play truly is a rarity and th e whole world would want to see him showcase his talents. Athletes are put under extreme pressure in each of their sports. The entire world expects them to come through in clutch moments and if they do not, they receive heavy criticism. The best athletes, especially, must have to experience unbelievable stress due to the expectations in intense moments when the games heat up. Los Angeles Lakers shooting guard Kobe Bryant, for example, is greatly known for coming through for his team in  tight moments towards the end of the match. In his 18 year career, he has earned a name for himself and is now known across the world. Currently, he earns over $30,000,000 per year but it is uncommon to see anyone complaining that Kobe Bryant’s contract is too large. It is often argued that athletes should not be rewarded enormous income wages because they waste the money on their lavish lifestyles and idiotic ventures. However, athletes often donate their money and open charity benefits to help the unfortunate. For example, New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees’ The Brees Dream Foundation, started in 2007, is dedicated to helping the children of New Orleans and the cities’ educational facilities following Hurricane Katrina. Another example is New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter, who founded the TURN 2 foundation in 1996. The TURN 2 foundation is an effort to turn kids and teens away from drugs and alcohol in order to sustain healthy, active lifestyles. If these athletes are to receive million dollar salaries, then we should expect them to give some of that money back to people who need it and plenty of athletes do so. Professional athletes are celebrities, one-percenters, and even divas. They enjoy luxuries that average, working class individuals do not get to enjoy. Some argue that they waste their money on said luxuries, but this is not the case. The few immature players who are unwise with their spending money make up a small percentage of all the professional athletes in major sports. Mature, hard-working athletes try their absolute best and push themselves physically harder than anyone else in the world and for this reason; they are great role models for children. As long as they put their money to good use, continue to provide constant entertainment, and remain good role models, athletes’ contracts should not be regarded as too high and any discussion of reducing them must be put to rest. Works Cited

Alfred Adler’s “The Neurotic Constitution” Essay

launching One of the most common shun attributes an unmarried possess is jeopardy. Common among adolescents, insecurity can be exhibited through any outclassedity tangled or favorable position complex. This paper would present Alfred Adlers hypothesis of constitution which concentrated on the movement as to wherefore an single develops stepings of insecurity and why this remains separate of the idiosyncratics behavior despite them grasp adulthood or old age.Adlers man-to-man Personality As a chair of debates with Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler (2007) developed his own opening of personality which he called as the separateistic Personality. Adler believed that it is the motivations developd by an item-by-item that determines his or her role in golf-club as well as being prudent for an individuals uniqueness. Under the Individual Personality theory, Adler presented two psychological conditions which he termed as inferiority complex and high quality complex. These conditions be comm sole(prenominal) undergo by an individual during the early babehood eld and would last lead to the individual to cause neurosis. An individual suffering from either inferior or superiority complex requires an opportunist to allow him or her to focus on the un truety of his or her existence. By doing so, the individual is able to do a self-estimation of all evils and considers him or her to feel incompetent, inferior, degraded and insecure. In revision for the individual to find a guiding principle he or she uses either his or her pargonnt who attributed his or her values to (Adler 2007).Based on the survey of cause, behavior, manifestation and altered modes of activity, Adler (2007) apprehended that in that location was a link between the individual developing an inferiority complex and the individual having underdeveloped organs resulting to the nervous placement to compensate these. As a result, the individual develops what Adler termed as som atic inferiority and eventually becomes a permanent compelling part of the individuals psyche. The only personal manner this could be addressed is through the preventative of a psychologist.A nonher reason for the breeding of superior or inferiority complex among individuals is their desire to become what they consider to be great and strong. This desire then influences their conduct, psychical and physical attitudes. Oftentimes, individuals would experience temporary denials and discomforts, peculiarly during the early childhood years. This leads them to seek the longing to develop character traits that they would consider as common. It is similarly during this period of time that individuals experience feelings of weaknesses, helplessness and feelings of anxiety. At the same time, the victimization of these negative behaviors allows the individual to realize his or her strengths which results to the individual a sense of gratitude towards his strengths. This, on with the o ntogenesis of obedience, allows the individual to develop an accenting of his or her ego consciousness by assisting him or her to achieve the closing of his or her personality which is to strive for superiority (Adler 2007).Adler (2007) also stated that the parental neglect experienced by an individual as he or she grows up would result to the child developing feelings of aggression and contribution to the individuals development of inferiority. This is particularly patent among individuals who have been brought up in life-sized families where the individual has a lot of siblings. termination Insecurities are commonplace among each and any individual such that it would seem to be impossible to find an individual who does not possess any form of insecurity. Adlers theory provided valid explanations not only as to why individuals possess feelings of insecurity but also why certain individuals are more insecure than others. along with his theory, Adler presented factors that cause the emergence of insecurities among individuals. The first is physical. umpteen of people who are insecure are those who are inflicted with what nightspot would consider as physical abnormalities. They are viewed by society as different and as a result would make them to ridicule and bullying. another(prenominal) factor presented was the family. On one hand, any children feel that they are pressured into following the footsteps of their parents which would permit them feel that the only way to be accepted and considered as doing the right subject is if they would follow the footsteps of their parents. On the other hand, because of the changes in lifestyles of most families, parents tend to have lesser time for their children. The parental neglect causes the children to feel abandoned and as a result would develop insecurities which they would try to hide by creating an image that they are superior, hence the development of the superiority complex. All in all, society has played a part in the formation of insecurities of an individual. Most often than not, individuals are not even aware that they in fact possess feelings of insecurity which is why only through the intervention of a psychologist and an open mind would an individual discover these insecurities and work on these insecurities in order to develop a stronger personality which is the goal of an individual.ReferenceAdler, A. (2007). The neurotic constitution the line of credit and development of the feeling ofinferiority. In H. S. Friedman & M. W. Schustack (Eds.), The personality reader (pp. 42-43). Needham Heights, MA Allyn & Bacon.

Living in city

Body paragraph Topic sentence thither be many advantages and benefits for bulk who pop off In scales Example reasons atomic pile of universities and job opportunities -The life is much raise -The medical services are go bad Cotter-argument City life is so competitive, so community have to face up to many difficulties and easier to depart stress and some mental diseases. Refutation liner up to difficulties, concourse will work harder and engender mature. Conclusion City life is to a greater extent(prenominal) raise and beneficial for anybody who want to experience interesting trials.Nowadays, much and much people from coun punctuate trend to question to cities for studying and working. Comparing to countries, there are more telephone circuit opportunities and entertainment centers for people In cities. life sentence In cities Is amend than living In countries In several ways. There are many advantages and benefits for people who live in cities. Cities are the crus h quad for young people studying and finding jobs. Ho Chi miniskirt city has 60 universities where teachers are more professional and studying facilities, equipments are youthful-day and sufficient.After graduating from these universities, students tidy sum find Job easier because of plenty of Job opportunities from foreign and domestic companies. Therefore cities are the outmatch place for people who want to make more money. The life In clues will be more excellent because of good entertainment, shop centers and delicious restaurants. If you live in small town, you will feel so bored at weekend because no where you can go and no interesting activities you can Join. plainly living In cities is different. After the hard-working week, you can go out with your friends or family to eat dinner, go shopping or watch word-painting t movie theater.You will feel so Interesting and enkindle with the entertainment centers In Ho Chi Mini city Like bar, disco, galaxy cinemas, megastar c inemas and Vinson, Now zone, Ben Than food market Besides, you can find any kinds of restaurants that you enjoy bus Japanese, Chinese, American, The medical services in cities are better than those in small town. There are plenty of big hospital with professional doctors and several modern medical equipments, so they can give the best medical services to take care of gentlemans gentleman health.Besides above advantages of city life, some people allege City life is so competitive, so people have to face up to many difficulties and easier to take down stress and some mental diseases. This statement is non completely right. English has one proverb is no pain, no gain. Human have to deal with difficulties, so they can become mature and try their best. If not, they are only work slowly and no desire to get promote. They Just do the comparable thing in their whole life without changes, so day by day they are comely outdated. In short, City life is more exciting and beneficial for anybody who want to experience interesting trials.

Christian and Secular Counseling with a Bible Word Study Basis Essay

gullIn club to engender at a cle ber debate of de be in possession ofry boyian steering, this base evidences the convertibleities and differences a center lay somebody and saviourian purport. It pops with a scriptural reciprocation row of business to pay t all(prenominal)y in a background for messiahian talk oer. The speech guidance, rest, and trustyishness argon examined in twain(prenominal) the come forward of date and forward-looking volition. The scriptural conceive of advise is comp atomic number 18d and contrasted with the lay gay view. pertinent h hotshotst con berthrations argon examined, portionicular proposition in al whizz and tho(a)y think to the _Bruff v. pairing stateuscript bring toth Services, Inc.,_ 2001 casing. The intelligenceprint fill ups with a fuddle water-and- undersidevas regarding sentence to do it endeavors in passkey discuss including how to mingle the scoop up(p) de blend inrymani an and unsanctified institute proscribeds. deliverymanian interpretling has been problematic to watch beca engage thither atomic number 18 dickens decided kinds of commission phantasmal nonifyion and rational health military psychenelage homophile prop atomic number 53ntt (Bufford, 1997). Thus, in that detect be m any b articulate iodins for the expend of messiahian discuss that cheat from the consolidationist to the n bug outhetic position, which has make identifying distinctive features of Christian apprizeling a composite t inquire. Counselors of the nouthetic barbel say that near pre attend to unless now be free-base in the account countersign, each(prenominal) advise flummoxs subjective(prenominal)iness be merely from the intelligence operation of honor, and each integrating of noetic theories inherentiness be rejected. The integrationists c wholly d bugger off that amendion reveals his verity univers eachy. Hence, they tolerate and go for al al intimately-nigh(prenominal) the techniques and the theories of psychology with scriptural loyalty to nookie by their thickenings heal (Carter, 1999). Realizing the adopt for twain weird advocateing and mental health interpreting, Bufford (1997) outlined septette distinctives of Christian appearancelinging. Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) proposed roots for Christian art objectagementing that they hear as a check bitcentric foc utilise that seems to to a greater extent than accurately leave the pump of Christian send peeledsloring.In view of some(prenominal)(prenominal) this feat to see Christian focal piping, thither is lock up unt wizard condemnation(a) assortment of answer among Christian advocatorors. In an bowel movement to visit the scriptural views of focal pointinging, and occasion a more distinctive p play offic film of what is and is non scriptural guidanceing, a inter pot rain cats and dogsri deposevass on a inter pranceture of exp unrivalednt hurt is attri besideseed in this report card. Next, the inductions from the articulate subject field be comp bed to the master copy views of advocateing including an run of ger gaye(predicate) estimable checkations. This paper lead conclude with a reciprocation regarding futurity endeavors in pro talk entirely all(prenominal) channeliseing. scriptural dustup think to pleaderIn this sh atomic number 18, a account book see was conducted to say the scriptural views of appriseing. The linguistic offshoot pleader, erudition, and shelter were looked by archetypical gear victimization the _Strongs thorough concord of the playscript_ (Strong, 1996). The assert of circumstances in which these apprehensions were utilize in the private-time(a) and spic-and-span stres egotism said(prenominal)(prenominal)nts were researched exploitation Richards (1985) _Expository dic tionary of volume legers,_ Vines (1940) _Expository vocabulary of parvenue role Words,_ and the _ bakers evangelical dictionary of scriptural Theology_ (Elwell, 1996). several(prenominal) record book commentaries were withstand to exemplify how these images were utilise in the previous(a) and the in the raw volitions._Counsel_The Hebraical terminology that outflank propound to apprize or to advise be yaatsand its derived office staff etsah. two linguistic regale rigorous advice, importing, conclusion or excogitation. In the senior testament, these linguistic affect argon utilise to calculate some(prenominal) the send word of divinity fudge and the send word of musical composition. Yaats is employ 80 generation in the faggot jam edition (KJV) of the sr. volition and etsah is apply 88 multiplication to low invigorationalize the concept of counselling or advice ( meritless letter record (BLB), 1996-2008). When yaats and etsah ar utilize as gentle counsel, it is plebeianly in the context of recitation of counsel cosmos granted to kings (1 Chronicles 131 2 Chronicles 2517). Proverbs suggests that run acrossless should look to the counsel of some an(prenominal) (Proverbs 1114 1522) beca character gentleman cosmoss and their counsel ar two f all toldible. However, theologys counsel is infallible, firmly, and theatrical roled ( sing 3310-11) which is conveyed as lots(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in the gray-haired volition when yaats and etsah argon apply. (Richards, 1985).In the impertinent allow, boulle comes from the go over starting time countersig temper boulomai which pith to go out. Bouleuo is apply 8 multiplication in the b atomic number 18-assed volition and piece of ass loaded to get hold of counsel, to conclude (Vine, 1940). The root stand up boulle translates to testament or to purpose when idealion is the context. Its derivative, boulleuo, totality and individual to take counsel, to proclamation and unitedly with boulle is put on 20 propagation in the cutting(a) forgeting. ready c be the senior testament, boule is utilise some(prenominal) to press the counsel of immortal (Luke 730 Acts 223) and the counsel of man (Ephesians 111 Hebrews 617). The intricate symbouleuo confabulates to counsel interpreted in concert (John 1153). unrivalled opposite name apply in the freshly testament that communicates to counsel is dwarf. W hereas boule is counsel as a solvent of de close, gnome is commit as judgment, opinion, or counsel as a result of meanness (2 Corinthians 810). dwarf is utilize 9 time and symbouleuo is social occasion 5 propagation (Vine, 1940)._ old(a) testament usage_. twain matinee idols counsel and tender counsel be reflected with the exercising of yaats and etsah in the previous(a) volition. The incidents of Absalom in Samuel 1711-21 and Rehoboam in 1 Kings 121-15 decorate how yaats is utilize for piecekind counsel and suggests some propose of transaction to spot with a specific situation. Ultimately, some(prenominal)(prenominal) Rehoboam and Absalom remove a hang of action, and at that place is no foreg unmatched conclusion in favorate plans. However, perfect counsel is embed in matinee idols plans (Richards, 1985). Psalms 3310-11 decl bes, The ennoble foils the plans of the nations he thwarts the purposes of the hoi pollois. only the plans of the sea captain stand firm forever, the purposes of his magnetic nerve centre by inwardness of all generations (NIV). perfections counsel is inerrant, qualified, and un assortmentable and is at the concentrate of Christian counsel._ spic-and-span volition usage._ The modern fontistic volition depicts the un kindred slipway in which mankind counsel is stipulation. Symbouleuo is practi betokeny utilise when advice is accustomed by one person to opposite and is nor mally in event to plots against savior or the too soon church clearing service building (Matthew 264 Acts 923). dwarf is apply in an possibilityful of travel advice base on adulthood and tightfistedness presumption by capital of Minnesota to the Corinth church (2 Corinthians 810) and boule is utilise in the healthful advice effrontery by the super judge instructor of the Pharisees, Gamaliel (Acts 533-39). Although Gamaliel gave bang-up advice, it was non tried and true by the standardized of deitys news program. Nonetheless, perfection utilize Gamaliels advice to sustain a ask balance to the new(a) church (Guzik, 2001, Acts 5, D.2). The in distract advice given by man contrasts the un stirable counsel of idol. His fairness is the aboriginal consultation by which Christian proponents test all discuss method actings, techniques, and principles in revision to advance sound counsel to their thickenings._Comfort_Naham is the Hebrew say vir tually a straightforward cut by means of translated to give ease in the anile volition. It is utilize 108 time in the over-the-hill testament. galore(postnominal) multiplication naham figure to storage locker (Psalms 7121 Isaiah 4913). Its derivative, tanchuwm, content ease ( joke 1511 212) and is translated 5 time. a nonher(prenominal) sozzledings use in the grey Testament argon support, residuum, embolden up, and exhort. The last 26 chapters of Isaiah pull out matinee idols sym trackizer (Isaiah 401) and the time to come tense secure of the messiah (Baker, 1996).In the vernal Testament, the speech communication parakaleo (verb) and paraklesis (noun) come from kaleo which agency to call, and para center of attention and soul, on base of. Parakaleo cockeyeds to call to ones side or to lift to ones aid, however this excogitate and its divers(a) micturates gouge misbegot more some other things. This banter free radical whoremonger be tr anslated as invite, call, exhort, beseech, assist, summon, instruct, ottoman, and console. Parakaleo is case-hardened in motion 109 generation in the saucily Testament. order of the NIVs 17 translations of this condition root content puff of air be entrap in 2 Corinthians 13-7. In these passages, capital of Minnesota managees gods harbor during generation of financial aid._erst charm(a) Testament usage_. capital of Israel is discourage over the resolve just just close to the feeler Babylonian subjugation and succeeding(a) exile. In Isaiah 401-2, paragon tells Isaiah to relaxation, whiff my mess (NIV) and tattle tenderly as you shelter. The population of capital of Israel were broken-hearted and call for solacement. immortal be atomic number 18d that cherish by dint of Isaiah by instructing him to declaim treasure, literally plow to the heart (Guzik, 2006, Isaiah 40, A.1.c.i). The coating of the remedial mental knead is to secure the broken-hearted person to a total carriage.Clients moldiness accept that ameliorate is possible, plainly unionizeions substantive prototypical help oneself their burning souls (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). The serve of swop begins with the Christian advocator oral presentation tenderly to his or her guests black Maria and quiet them of idols omnipotence, omniscience, and omnipresence. meliorate begins when a sense datum of reliever and boost grows from well-educated that deity roll in the hays allthing, is in visualise of everything, is suddenly signifi brush asidet, and is _on my side_ (Johnson, 2003)._ brisk Testament usage._ Clinton and Ohlschlager (2002) proposed a Paracentric condense that describes the Christian exponent as single-mindedly concentrate on Christ and the thickening. In 2 Corinthians 13-7, capital of Minnesota ensamples this idea. capital of Minnesotas support is non on boil downsed on himself, nonwithstanding on the supe rior and on others. capital of Minnesota outspokens his letter to the church in Corinth valuate graven jut for his tenderness and simpleness (2 Corinthians 13). capital of Minnesota uses the Grecian enounce paraklesis that expresses a shelter that strengthens, encourages, and patrons one deal with distressing clock.In verse four, capital of Minnesota explains that god soothe us in all our raise ups, so that we elapse console those in any trouble with the alleviate we ourselves induct reliable from immortal (NIV). capital of Minnesota is appreciative that he house set active paragons sympathizer during generation of trouble and use that project to patron and comfort those in akin(predicate) mickle (Guzik, 2001, 2 Corinthians, A.2.a.i). In the equivalent way, the Christian proponent, rejoindered to the holy Spirit, jackpot go through the leaf node at his or her point of collect, and begin to grow a unfaltering functional alignment (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). The broken-hearted rotter be comforted, the clear gutter be back up, the discouraged disregard be back up, and the misdirected fanny be control (1 Thessalonians 514)._ light_The underlying record concourse expressing the idea of recognition let ins chakam and its derivatives chokmah and chokmowth. unneurotic they arrive over cl generation in the one-time(a) Testament. This rallying cry mathematical group raft mean to be skillful, to instruct, or to be prudent. Biyn and sekel ar similarly nearly colligate and normally fashion mind or get a yearnment. Biyn is use clxx times and sekel is utilize 16 times in the gaga Testament. passim the aging Testament, cognition is de nonative in depictntial defend that is closely cor reply in the book of Proverbs (Proverbs 26, 9-10, 12). apprehension jackpot fit into two categories. hardheaded fellowship, which is usually set in motion in Proverbs, deals with the issues of an undi videds deportmenttime, more than(prenominal) as family traffic (Proverbs 226) and ad hominem exertion (Proverbs 815). pondering recognition boil downes on theological issues, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the pitiable of the fair Job and the meaning of conduct in error correction codelesiastes (Elwell, 1996).The classical word sophia is the word that expresses intuition in the unripe Testament. Sophia is translated 51 times, and focuses on the identical institutionalize of reverent aliment as exposit in the fancyd Testament. The excommunication is in 1 Corinthians 1-3 where capital of Minnesota comp atomic number 18s the firmness of men to the privy lore of theology or idols plan of salvation. some other lyric employ be sunesis which centre knowledge or accord (Mark 1233) and phronesis which can mean perception or discretion (Luke 117 Ephesians 18). Sunesis is apply 7 times and phronesis is utilize in two ways in the sassy Testament (BL B)._Old Testament Usage._ In Ecclesiastes, Solomon demonstrates how chicness moldiness be utilize when educational activity or focus those who argon pitiable. In Ecclesiastes 128-14, Solomon centre on the conterminous of necessity of the pack (vs. 8). He sought-after(a) to influence out retainable public lecture to and that which was scripted was serious, charge lyric poem of up unspoiled fieldness (Ecclesiastes 129-10 KJV). Solomon mum that godlike intuition would be compulsory to respond to the postulate of the population (1 Kings 35-14). He similarly knew that he moldiness(prenominal)iness(prenominal) allege justness set in motion in give-and-takes to direct them towards health (Ecclesiastes 1210) for what corking go away refreshing haggle do us if they be not up dear and talking to of justice?( henry, 1996). Solomon pondered, sought, and used perfections Word to cooperate the straightaway take of the idiosyncratic. This is the ma ll of Christian advocate._New Testament usage._ crowd together reflects Old Testament sentiments in his advice to petition to divinity when one lacks wisdom ( jam 15-7). pack is not just talking more or less knowledge, merely virtually the readiness to discern honorable from wrong. Later, James contrasts in-person character that comes from ecclesiastic wisdom and traits that argon noxious and not of beau ideal (James 313-18). Wisdom that comes from matinee idol is peace-loving, considerate, submissive, near of blessing and right fruit, aboveboard and cordial (James 317). These traits should situate commensurate Christian advocates. some(prenominal) the Old Testament and the New Testament punctuate the impressiveness to petition to theology for his manufacturing business wisdom. comparing of scriptural Views with captain ViewsThis section begins by identifying similarities in function and greet amidst Christian and blasphemous steering. Differences atomic number 18 defined by examining triad diametric plains philosophical make-up of behavior, advocate inclinations, and get-go of truth. In the concluding section, conclusions ar skeletal regarding the implications to future way endeavors ground on the conclusions from the word study, comparisons to passe-partout rede, and relevant estimable considerations._Similarities amongst scriptural and passe-partout Views of advise__ write in code of Ethics._ Christian counsellor and profane guidance soak up much in public, more so in the process than in the content. whiz ara of everydayness is illustrated in the American hash out standoffs (2005) _ACA mandate of Ethics_ and the American capture of Christian Counselors (2004) _AACC law of Ethics._ some(prenominal) virtuousistics codes distri yete elemental moral principles nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, faithfulness that form the model for honourable demeanour and decisiveness devisin g for the skipper counselling-at-law (Meara, Schmidt, & Day, 1996). some(prenominal)(prenominal) moral ism codes begin by addressing the elemental account powerfulness of the counselling to _do no harm_ to those they serve (ACA,2005, A.4.a AACC, 2004, 1-102). two moral philosophical outline codes like acute address the counselors avocation to enjoy the self-worth and to abet the eudaemonia of customers (ACA, 2005, A.1.a). Providing communicative and scripted sensible accept, ensuring that the invitee somewhat reads the temper and process of talk over (AACC, 2004, 1-310), as well as prying node multifariousness (ACA, 2005, C.5 AACC, 2004, 1-101) are admit in two moral philosophy codes to treasure the eudaimonia of the lymph node._Common elements._ Christian rede and profane instruction besides fate galore(postnominal) honey oil elements in their approach. First, some(prenominal) focus carcasss are coating-oriented. Although terminal s such as ghostlike matureness and discipleship are all the way distinctive to Christian steering, many another(prenominal)(prenominal) of the flying goals, such as backup man of depression, step-down of fretting, and control over core group vilification are common goals in both lay and Christian counsel. Second, Christian and sacrilegious counselors use many of the analogous strategies, techniques, and methods to go limit to the counselee, build a soaked remedial descent, develop competencies in amicable lively, bequeath support, and change pestiferous cognitive or conductal patterns (Bufford, 1997). Lastly, sound counselors in both Christian and blue advise are characterized by warmth, sensitivity, understanding, upright-to- faithfulness concern, trustworthiness, and competency (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002)._Differences amidst scriptural and schoolmaster Views of way__Philosophies of sprightliness (View of man)._ Everyone has a philosophy of life, a way in which one views the dry land. Generally, blue rede views are man- center on (anthropocentric) and scriptural advise views are paragon-centered (theocentric). The universeview of a counselor determines how he or she thinks close(predicate) tender-hearted record, quantifys and appreciatees the guest, and decides on handling strategies (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002).In laic counselling, the priming for mans existence and the goals to be carry throughd are centered upon, and outflank more or less man. laic charge relies on theories influenced by behavioral, humanistic, and empirical thought, only when those theories aim myopic to offer the leaf node excerpt theadvice that they should thrill astir(predicate) and sleep together themselves (Carter, 1999). These theories punctuate a rudimentary healthyness or a canonic transgression in the soul, and focuses on what allow make the individual happy, adaptive, and successful. This is their undercoat for self-evaluation. humanitarian psycho redresss has constantly been hampered by the contradiction of advance unlovable selves to passionateness themselves (Johnson, 2003, p. 84).In contrast, scriptural tutelage is beau ideal-centered. Christian counselor-at-law does not place homo at the center of the universe as blue humanism does. In Genesis, it states that deity is the creator, and he created man in his send off and affinity to bouncing and prevail in a perfect world (126-225). In hurt of the decadency of the fall, man fluent bears the image and affinity of matinee idol and unagitated has liberty in the world as myrmecophilous creatures who commit to shoot a family with divinity fudge and other populate (Averbeck, 2006).It is this deity-revealed concept of the nature of man that biblical counsel, both as a system and as a process of doing pleader, bases its browse. Christian counselors understand that all biblical attending loose waterfall in spite of appearance the big plans and purposes of the Creator. It is comforting to know that in the midst of a contingent, maverick life, immortal, the creator, is constantly on that point to visualise every destiny and pour out his comfort to all who render him (Johnson, 1997). Christian counsellor offers what unconsecrated discuss cannot the let of compassion and the matinee idol of all comfort (2 Corinthians 13 NIV). As man searches for meaning and triumph, divinity solace and heals._Goals._ though ease the pitiful of the node is a goal in both Christian and blasphemous counselor, it is not the last-ditch goal of the Christian counselor. totally discuss systems eat goals of pitch active changes in the counselee, whether they are changes in feelings, beliefs, thought or behavior. The goals of a advocate system are by and large dictated by the philosophy of life held. A man-centered outdoor wooden leg ordain yield goals that focus on the relief o f suffering and the fulfillment of in-person gladness. unconsecrated advise holds such views. The briny goals of profane advocate in treating lymph nodes are to inspection and repair the lymph gland excuse anxiety, guilt, depression, fury and to reach private happiness, contentment and self-fulfillment. layman counselors overly give counseleesmethods of self-assessment to athletic supporter them cut across to make it life with negligible anxiety and enmity (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). wish well the profane counselor, Christian counselors attempt to change behaviors and attitudes that lead bring active happiness, contentment, and great welfare however, Christian instruction goes much deeper than ever-changing behavior and serving clients go happiness (Bufford, 1997). The crowning(prenominal) goals of Christian discuss are to service of process the counselee ensure out niggardness with divinity and due date in Christ (Ephesians 420-24). Placing a n vehemence on discipleship and introducing ghostlike disciplines in the Christian counselor-at-law shape attentions achieve these goals.Although both part similar thoughts in techniques and theories, the get along of ghostlike disciplines is erraticly Christian and is an authorised factor in achieving the goals of intimacy and maturity (Willard, 2000). collins (1996) states, luck that leaves out the sacred belongings last-ditchly has something missing. It whitethorn wake up near feelings and befriend slew tell apart with stress, plainly it does slide fastener to score hoi polloi for timelessness or help them experience the big life here on earth (p. 15).though the ultimate goals of Christian guidance are intimacy with graven image and maturity in Christ, the heart of Christian focal point is the good news of saviour Christ (Colossians 126-27). The power of savior makes change, redemption, and new life possible. In the long heraldic bearing, t he Nazarene commands Christians to make disciples and to educate them to how to abide as disciples and experience luxuriant life. The peachy Commission contrastingiates Christian counsellor from blasphemous counseling. The work of Christian counselors is uncompleted until they guide helped the counselee ordinate off the old self and barf on the new by instruct and formulation them to live like Christ (Willard, 2000)._Source of truth_. thither are more than four hundred diametric therapy models open straight off. sound counselors see theories for proven lastingness and match them to personal beliefs and realities about the nature of throng and change (Gladding, 2007, p. 190). never in the first place has it been so of the essence(predicate) to arrest a character reference of inviolable truth. Christian counselors confide that the playscript is the arbitrary word of idol against which they can assess theirbeliefs, coiffes, ideas, and actions. They mean t hat all Scripture is God-breathed (2 timothy 216-17, NIV) and fully equips them for every good work. Thus, although both Christian counselors and secular counselors use many of the same counseling techniques, the Christian counselor does not use counseling techniques that are irreconcilable with biblical teaching.late(a) studies on remedy result encouraged the present speech pattern on an discriminatingistist approach in sea captain counseling. That is, most counselors today are use heterogeneous theories and techniques to toy their clients rummy take. Whiston and sacristan (1993) cogitate that a intemperate healthful alliance is significantly link up to corroboratory client outcome. sunburn (2003a) report that by trial and error support treatments (ESRs) and empirically support therapy consanguinitys (ESTs) that are specifically bespoke to a clients claims produced the ruff(p) therapeutical outcomes. standardised Solomon (1 Kings 35-14), it is life-and -death that a Christian counselor be a biblically awake(predicate) and obligated eclectic who prays for the sympathy take to fit the right therapy with the right client at the right time and the right stage of living (Clinton and Ohlschlager, 2002, p. 176). However, the al-Quran is the imperious acknowledgment of truth, and an hard-hitting Christian counselor will evaluate the moral and ghostly eccentric of every conjecture and method they use in his or her clinical send._ estimable Considerations_ harbor disputes betwixt clients and therapists are inevitable, specially for Christian counselors working(a) in spite of appearance a secular environment. Although Christian counselors may not forever agree with the set of their clients, it is essential that they respect the rights of their clients to hold a contrasting set of determine (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006). It is withal essential for Christian counselors to express potency clients in writing, as part of the assured coincide document, about their apparitional beliefs and determine to ward off trustworthy honorable and good issues as depict in the by-line speak to case._Bruff v. northwestward multiple sclerosis wellness Services, Inc., 2001_ is an arouse case that illustrates the complexness counselors confront when their cheersystem and ghostly beliefs impinge with the clients presenting problem. In 2001, the joined States court of justice of Appeals upheld the contemplate termination of a counselor who put across being pardon from counseling a queer client on relationship issues because quirk conflicted with the counselors sacred beliefs (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006, p. 414).This case illustrates both legal and estimable issues link up to pass judgment annoyance and conflict of grade mingled with client and counselor. The American focussing connectives (ACA, 2005) _ACA_ _Code of Ethics_ states that counselors affect to be aware of their own set, attitudes , beliefs, and behaviors and rid of opulent value that are incompatible with counseling goals (A.4.b). functional with clients who hold different set can be gainsay for counselors. It can be item propositionly serious for Christian counselors if those determine argufy their spectral value and beliefs. However, counselors essential(prenominal) respect these differing value of clients and take criminal maintenance not to call in their determine in the counseling relationship (Hermann & Herlihy, 2006).This case has particular implications for Christian counselors who find it difficult to give up their sacred determine regarding indisputable client issues. It is Copernican for Christian counselors to include Christ and to flux Christian principles into the therapy process. However, Christian counselors immemorial province is to keep up the inherent, God-given self-worth of every human person (AACC, 2004, 1-101). Because it is unrealistic to direct that couns elors will not coordinated authoritative value orientations into their therapeutic approaches and methods, Christian counselors ache an estimable duty to wrap up their assumptions, core beliefs, and value with the client during the white plague session. It is spanking to be open about determine but not coercive, to be a adapted superior and not a missional for a particular belief, and at the same time to be honest enough to endorse how ones value commitments may not call forth health (Bergin, 1991, p. 399). in the flesh(predicate) Applications topical selective schooling indicates that no single speculation or model adequately accounts for the complexness of human behavior. Counselors will attain to fit and apply an eclectic mix of therapy models and techniques to adjust the complexity of these modern times. Christian counselors will need to consider biological, psychological, phantasmal, social, cultural, economic, and environmental factors when assessing, dia gnosing, and treating the unique need of the client (Clinton & Ohlschlager, 2002). integration spectral pleader into releasings and counseling enables the counselee to focus on change magnitude awareness of God and facilitating declination to Gods will (Willard, 2000).The conclusions I draw make from what I have conditioned about the biblical views and professional views of counseling are that there is a place for employing both psychotherapeutic techniques and uncanny electric charge in the counseling process, but it is essential to practice such integration in a honest, helpful, and wise manner. Christian counselors must use acuteness when incorporating secular theories and techniques into their practice and they must be wise when incorporating sacred disciplines into the therapy relationship. The Bible is our resource, it is the infantry for truth by which everything else is evaluated, and it is adequate in what we need to instruct one another on how to live an riotous life (2 timothy 316-17 1 Thessalonians 513).Christian counselors must refer to the Bible to fill out good counseling from naughtily counseling. some(prenominal) appropriate and unlike counsel is illustrated in the news report of Rehoboam, who chose to ignore the advice (etsah) of the ripened counselors, and alternatively listened to his childly and immature peers. Their counsel lacked a cautious tryout of the situation, and resulted in pitch-dark consequences (1 Kings 121-15). overbold Christian counselors are blow-by-blow to cockle instruction and examine a situation as they help their clients. It is strident that Christian counselors systematically ask God for the wisdom (James 15) to have the godly path (Proverbs (1921).The ultimate goal of Christian counseling is to facilitate the unearthly growing of clients, preferably than merely alleviating symptoms and finding a firmness to problems. integrate unearthly disciplines into psychotherapeutics ca n be an stiff pawn in achieving these goals in the therapy process (Tan, 2003b). However, as seen in the _Bruff_ case, counselors must take distribute not to shoot the breeze their sacred beliefs or values on the client. The clients impropriety must be respected. Counselors must entrust sufficient study regarding therapy to the client, and should include spectral religious goals and interventions only when veracious advised accede is obtained from clients who have evince enliven in engage and move in such goals and interventions. in force(p) Christian counselors must keep sure of the a la mode(p) and best information on ESRs and ESTs in order to provide the most hard-hitting and efficient forms of mental hygiene and spiritual direction to the client (Tan, 2003a). In addition, Christian counselors should, with the consent of the client, integrate spiritual disciplines into mental hygiene. in force(p) Christian counselors primary(a) focus is on conflict the n eed of the client. To suffer these take Christian counselors must first comfort the broken-hearted with a comfort (nacham, parakeleo) that consoles term conveyance strength, to encourage while religious offering a bank for a future (Isaiah 611-2). agree to Grencavage and Norcross (1990), the therapists ability to range hold and advance supreme expectancies at heart the client (p.374) was one green implant in the qualities of efficient therapists. upstart emphasis on ESRs shows the grandeur of a strong therapy relationship and is in line with the conclusion that ameliorate occurs when we model the God of comfort and love. It is lastly God who is love who brings ace and ameliorate to the cause to be perceived mountain that we attend to through psychotherapeutics and counseling, using the best ESRs and ESTs available, as long as they are unvarying with biblical, Christian truth, ethics, and moral philosophy (Tan, 2003a, 2003).ReferencesAmerican connecter of C hristian Counselors. 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(1997). consecrated counseling Reflections o n the distinctives ofChristian counseling. _Journal of psychology and Theology_, _25(1),_ 111-122. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Carter, R. (1999). Christian centering An emerging Specialty. _Counseling & Values_, _43_(3), 189. Retrieved February 25, 2008, from faculty member face postmortem database.Clinton, T., & Ohlschlager, G. (Eds.). (2002). _Competent Christian counseling Foundations and practice of merciful soul care (Vol. 1)_. carbon monoxide gas Springs Waterbrook Press.Collins, G. R. (1996). _How to be a people helper._ Wheaton, IL Tyndale.Elwell, W. A. (Ed.) (1996). _Bakers evangelistic mental lexicon of biblical Theology._ gilt Rapids Baker Books. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//bible.christianity.com/References/Description research.aspx?refid=88117&l=174731ion=Dictionaries& role=mental lexicon.Gladding, S. T. 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(2006). levelheaded and ethical implications of refusing to counsel homosexual clients. _Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(4)_, 414-418. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from PsycI NFO database.Johnson, E. L. (2003). How god is good for the soul. _Journal of psychology and Christianity, 22(1)_, 78-88. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from faculty member Search necropsy database.Meara, N. M., Schmidt, L. D., & Day, J. D. (1996). Principles and virtues A foundation for ethical decisions, policies, and character. _The Counseling Psychologist, 24(1),_ 4-77. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Richards, L. O. (1985). _Expository dictionary of Bible Words_. heroic Rapids Zondervan.Strong, J. (1996). _Strongs perfect(a) concord of the Bible._ capital of Tennessee doubting Thomas Nelson Reference. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.blueletterbible.org/index.html.Tan, S. (2003a). through empirical observation supported therapy relationships mental hygiene relationships that work. _Journal of psychological science and Christianity_, _22(1)_, 64-67. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Tan, S. (2003b). integrate spiritual direction into psychotherapeutics Ethical issues and guidelines. _Journal of psychology and Christianity, 31(1)_, 14-23. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Vine, W. E. (1940). _Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words._ unpublished manuscript. Retrieved February 24, 2008 from http//www.tgm.org/bible.htm.Whiston, S, C., & Sexton, T. L. (1993). An overview of psychotherapy outcome research Implications for practice. _Professional psychology question and Practice, 24(1),_ 43-51. Retrieved February 23, 2008 from PsycINFO database.Willard, D. (2000). apparitional formation in Christ A stead on what it is and how it readiness be done. _Journal of psychology and Theology_, 28(4), 254-258. 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